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Organization of Genes02:07

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What is Gene Expression?

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Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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哺乳類の臓器発達における遺伝子発現

Margarida Cardoso-Moreira1,2, Jean Halbert3, Delphine Valloton3

  • 1Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany. m.moreira@zmbh.uni-heidelberg.de.

Nature
|June 28, 2019
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まとめ

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科学分野:

  • 発達生物学
  • 進化生物学
  • ゲノミクス

背景:

  • 哺乳類の臓器発達における遺伝子発現の役割は十分に理解されていない.
  • 種と発達段階を比較するトランスクリプトミックのデータは不足している.

研究 の 目的:

  • 哺乳類の臓器発達の過程における遺伝子発現の進化を特徴付ける.
  • 比較分析のための発達トランスクリプトームの包括的なリソースを提供すること.

主な方法:

  • 7つの臓器 (脳,小脳,心臓,腎臓,肝臓,卵巣,) のトランスクリプトームを収集した.
  • 複数の発達時間点と7種 (人間,レサス・マカク,マウス,ラット,ウサギ,オポッサム,鶏) のデータを分析した.
  • 遺伝子発現パターンを比較して,発達段階の対応と進化の違いを特定する.

主要な成果:

  • 種間の保存された発達段階と,性器の発達における明確なタイミングを特定した.
  • 遺伝子の発現幅と精製選択の減少が観察され,発達の過程で陽性選択と新しい遺伝子の発現が増加した.
  • 種間の遺伝子発現軌道の有意な変化が発見され,脳組織は安定し,肝臓/丸は動的変化を示した.

結論:

  • この研究は,哺乳類の臓器の発達と進化を理解するための貴重なリソースを提供します.
  • 比較トランスクリプトミクスは,発達中の選択圧力と遺伝子発現の動的シフトを明らかにする.
  • 進化のタイミングと遺伝子発現の軌道の違いが 種特有の進化の経路を示しています