Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.

Sea surface chlorophyll, temperature, sea level height, wind, and front data obtained or derived from satellite observations offer an effective way to characterize the ocean. Presented is a method for the comprehensive study of these data, including overall average, seasonal cycle, and intercorrelation analyses, to fully understand regional dynamics...

We describe a technique for analysis of global RNA synthesis in hypoxia using imaging. Click-chemistry labeling of RNA has not previously been performed under hypoxia and allows visualization of global RNA changes at the single cell level. This approach complements the existing averaged RNA techniques, allowing direct visualization of cell-to-cell changes in global RNA...

Budget constraint helps to describe the combinations of products a consumer can afford to buy with their limited income.
For instance, a student receives a weekly allowance of $100. He spends this on purchasing books and snacks. A book costs $20 and a snack costs $5. The student can purchase different combinations of these two products. For example, he can buy four books and four snacks. Alternatively, he can buy three books and eight snacks. Each of these combinations costs exactly $100,...

In structural engineering, the equilibrium of a system is not only determined by its equations of equilibrium but also with the help of constraints. Constraints refer to restrictions on the motion of a system. The proper combinations of constraints can minimize the total number of constraints needed to maintain a system in mechanical equilibrium. When this happens, the system is said to be statically determinate. For such systems, the unknown reaction supports can be estimated using equilibrium...

A budget constraint or budget line is affected by a change in the income of the consumer.
For instance, a student receives a weekly allowance of $100 that he spends on buying books and snacks. If his weekly allowance doubles to $200, his purchasing power increases. He can now purchase a larger quantity of both books and snacks. The student is now able to choose a greater set of combinations of books and snacks. This allows the student to attain a combination of books and snacks that lie on a...