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関連する概念動画

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

4.4K
Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
4.4K
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

4.5K
Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
4.5K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis01:22

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

4.5K
Direct alkylation of ammonia produces polyalkylated amines, along with a quaternary ammonium salt. To exclusively prepare primary amines, the azide synthesis method can be used.
Azide ions act as good nucleophiles and react with unhindered alkyl halides to form alkyl azides. Alkyl azides do not participate in further nucleophilic substitution reactions, thereby eliminating the chances of polyalkylated products. Alkyl azides are reduced by hydride-based reducing agents, like lithium aluminum...
4.5K
Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

4.5K
Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
4.5K
Preparation of Nitriles01:12

Preparation of Nitriles

2.5K
One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
2.5K
Preparation of Amides01:29

Preparation of Amides

3.8K
Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...
3.8K

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関連する実験動画

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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
08:14

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Published on: August 23, 2017

27.2K

アンモニア合成触媒としてのペロブスキート酸化ナトリドの低温合成

Masaaki Kitano1,2, Jun Kujirai1, Kiya Ogasawara1

  • 1Materials Research Center for Element Strategy , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 4259 Nagatsuta , Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503 , Japan.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|November 23, 2019
PubMed
まとめ

研究者らは低温で合成された新しいペロブスキートオキシニトリド水素 BaCeO3-N-H を開発した. この材料は,新しいイオン媒介メカニズムでアンモニア合成を効率的に触媒化し,従来の方法と比較して活性性を大幅に高め,活性化エネルギーを低下させます.

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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

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Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films
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Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films

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関連する実験動画

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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
08:14

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Published on: August 23, 2017

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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films
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Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films

Published on: September 8, 2017

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科学分野:

  • 材料科学
  • キャタリシス
  • 固体化学

背景:

  • オキシヒドリドやオキシニトリドのような混合アニオン物質は,イオン伝導,フェロ電気,および触媒の応用が有望である.
  • これらの材料のための現在の合成方法は,しばしば高い温度 (≥800 °C) または複雑な手順を必要とし,そのアクセシビリティとスケーラビリティを制限します.

研究 の 目的:

  • 合成条件を改善した新型ペロブスキートオキシニトリド水素BaCeO3-N-Hを開発する.
  • アンモニア合成のためのBaCeO3-N-Hの触媒的活動を調査する.
  • 反応メカニズムを明らかにし,従来のアンモニア合成経路と比較する.

主な方法:

  • 低温 (300~600°C) でCeO2とBa(NH2) 2からBaCeO3-N-Hを直接合成する.
  • アンモニア合成のためのBaCeO3-N-H (移行金属ナノ粒子となし) の触媒性能を試験する.
  • アモニア合成反応の速度決定ステップを決定するために,同位体ラベリング実験を用いる.

主要な成果:

  • 低温 (300~600°C) で新型ペロブスキート酸化水素BaCeO3-N-Hを成功裏に合成した.
  • BaCeO3-N-Hは,格子N3-およびH-イオンを含むMars- van Krevelenメカニズムを通じて,アンモニア合成のための効率的な触媒を示した.
  • 触媒は従来の触媒 (85-121 kJ mol-1) よりも8~218倍高い活性と,著しく低い活性化エネルギー (46~62 kJ mol-1) を示した.
  • 同位体実験では,N2分離からN-H結合形成への速度決定段階のシフトを示した.

結論:

  • 低温でペロブスキート酸化窒素水素を合成することは可能であり,材料開発のための新しい道を開く.
  • BaCeO3-N-Hのユニークなイオン媒介のMars-van Krevelenメカニズムは,アンモニア合成のためのより効率的な経路を提供します.
  • この発見は,エネルギー需要を削減したアンモニア生産のための高度な触媒の開発に重要な意味を持っています.