極端な降雨がキラウエア火山の2018年リフト噴火を引き起こした

Jamie I Farquharson¹, Falk Amelung²

¹Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA. james.farquharson@rsmas.miami.edu.

Nature

|April 24, 2020

まとめ

極端な降雨は,地表の孔圧を増やすことで,キラウエア火山の2018年の噴火を引き起こした可能性があります. これは,特に気候変動で,降水が火山活動と危険評価に影響を与えることを示唆しています.

科学分野:

* 火山学
* 地理学
* 気候科学

背景:

キラウエア火山の2018年の裂け目侵入と噴火は,難解なトリガーメカニズムで異常でした.
* 異常な量の降雨が発生し, 深い火山系への降雨の影響について疑問を投げかけました
* 現存する研究は,雨が浅い火山活動に影響を与える可能性があることを示していますが,深いマグマ輸送の影響は不明です.

研究の目的:

* 2018年のキラウエア噴火を引き起こした雨の浸透の役割を調査する.
* 雨がマグマ輸送に係る深さでの孔圧に影響を及ぼすかどうかを判断する.
* 雨が火山の活動と噴火のタイミングを調整する可能性を評価する.

主な方法:

Kīlauea火山内の1〜3kmの深さでの孔圧データの分析
* 孔圧の変化と降水記録と噴火の相関
* 過去の噴火と侵入の統計分析降雨パターンの関連

主要な成果:

* 雨の浸透により,地表の下の孔圧が1〜3kmの深さで著しく増加し,噴火前に50年ぶりの高値に達した.
* 孔の圧力が増加して火山の構造が弱まり,堤防の侵入と噴火が容易になった.
* 噴火には前駆的な山頂膨張が欠け,強いマグマの侵入ではなく,降雨によって引き起こされたトリガーをサポートしました.

結論:

* 降雨による孔圧の変化は,火山の建物の崩壊を引き起こし,堤防の侵入と噴火につながります.
* 降雨パターンは,キラウエアの噴火と侵入のタイミングと頻度の重要な要因です.
* 気候変動に関連した極端な天候は,降雨によって引き起こされる火山の発生リスクを増やす可能性があるため,最新の危険性評価が必要である.

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