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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkanes: Wolff–Kishner Reduction01:09

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Wolff–Kishner reduction involves converting aldehydes and ketones to alkanes using hydrazine and a base. The reaction converts a carbonyl group to a methylene group. The method was independently discovered by N. Kishner in 1911 and L. Wolff in 1912. The reduction is carried out in high-boiling solvents such as ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol because heat is required to deprotonate the N–H proton in one of the reaction steps.                                       ...
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CO2をCH4に還元する安定で効率的な単原子Zn触媒

Lili Han1,2, Shoujie Song1, Mingjie Liu3

  • 1Center for Electron Microscopy and Tianjin Key Lab of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 16, 2020
PubMed
まとめ

この研究は,二酸化炭素 (CO2) をメタン (CH4) に効率的な電気化学的還元のために窒素ドーピングされた炭素に単一の亜鉛原子を使用する新しい電気触媒を導入します. 触媒は高い活性,選択性,安定性を示し,従来の銅ベースの材料を上回ります.

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科学分野:

  • 電気化学
  • 材料科学
  • カタリシス

背景:

  • 二酸化炭素 (CO2) をメタン (CH4) に電気化学的に還元することで,持続可能なエネルギーソリューションが提供されます.
  • 高活性で耐久性の高い触媒の開発はCO2の効率的な変換に不可欠です.
  • 既存の触媒は,特に銅基の触媒は,選択性と安定性において制限に直面しています.

研究 の 目的:

  • CO2を水中媒体でCH4に還元するための新しい電気触媒の設計と調査.
  • 高ファラダイク効率,部分電流密度,そして長期の安定性を達成するために.
  • 原子レベルで触媒の仕組みを理解する

主な方法:

  • 微孔性N-ドープされた炭素で支えられた単一のZn原子の合成.
  • 1M KHCO3溶液での電気化学的特徴づけ
  • 反応経路を明らかにするための理論的計算 (例えば,DFT).

主要な成果:

  • 単原子のZn触媒はCH4の生産で85%のファラダイク効率を達成した.
  • -1. 8V対SCEで−31. 8mAcm−2の部分電流密度が記録された.
  • 触媒は35時間の動作に際して 性能が著しく低下することなく 優れた安定性を示した.
  • 理論的な計算では,単一のZn原子がCOの形成を抑制し,CH4の生成を促進することが示された.

結論:

  • Nドーピングされた炭素の単一のZn原子は,CO2をCH4に電還元するための非常に効果的な触媒です.
  • この触媒は,この変換のための従来のCuベースの触媒の性能を上回ります.
  • CO2利用と持続可能なエネルギー技術における先進的な触媒の道を開く.