低用量コンピュータトモグラフィによる肺がんのスクリーニング:米国予防サービスタスクフォースの最新証拠報告と体系的レビュー
Daniel E Jonas1,2, Daniel S Reuland3,4,5, Shivani M Reddy1,6
1RTI International, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Evidence-based Practice Center.
JAMA
|March 9, 2021
まとめ
低用量コンピュータ断層撮影 (LDCT) のスクリーニングは,高リスクの個人に肺がんによる死亡を減らすことができます. しかし,誤った陽性,過剰診断,放射線被曝などのリスクがあり,利益と害を慎重に検討する必要があります.
科学分野:
- 肺科
- 放射線科
- 予防 医療
背景:
- 肺がんは米国で がんによる死亡の主な原因です
- 肺がんスクリーニングに関する米国予防サービスタスクフォース (USPSTF) の勧告に関する証拠レビュー.
研究 の 目的:
- 低用量コンピュータートモグラフィー (LDCT) の肺がんスクリーニングに関する証拠をレビューする.
- 肺がんのスクリーニングに関するUSPSTFガイドラインを参考にします.
主な方法:
- 2019年5月までのMEDLINE,コクラン図書館,試験登録簿からの英語研究の体系的なレビュー,2020年11月までの文献の監視.
- LDCTのスクリーニング,精度,リスク予測モデル,早期肺がん治療に関する研究が含まれています.
- 概要と全文の二重レビューと定性合成による研究の質; 異質性のためにデータはプールされませんでした.
主要な成果:
- 86,486人の参加者を含む7つのランダム化臨床試験 (RCT) で,LDCTスクリーニングが評価されました.
- 全国肺部スクリーニング試験 (NLST) は,LDCTスクリーニングにより,55歳から74歳までの高リスク患者における肺がん死亡率 (IRR 0.85) の減少を示した.
- Nederlands- Leuvens Longkanker Screenings Onderzoek (NELSON) 試験では,50歳から74歳までの高リスクの個体において,肺がんによる死亡率 (IRR 0. 75) の減少が示されました.
結論:
- LDCTスクリーニングは,高リスク集団における肺がんの死亡率を下げることができます.
- スクリーニングは偽陽性結果,不必要な処置,過剰診断,放射線被曝などのリスクを伴う.
- 現在のノードル評価プロトコルは,いくつかの害を軽減するかもしれないが,さらなる研究が必要である.
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