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Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Neurulation01:30

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Determination01:51

Determination

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Electroporation of Sliced Human Cortical Organoids for Studies of Gene Function
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創始細胞は脳の進化を形作る

Jing Liu1, Debra L Silver2

  • 1Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.

Cell
|April 16, 2021
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

人間の脳の膨張は神経上皮原細胞の変化と関連している. 細胞の形の変化が 人間の脳皮質の 発達を促す方法を明らかにしました

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科学分野:

  • 進化生物学
  • 発達神経科学
  • 比較ゲノミクス

背景:

  • 人間の脳皮質は 他の霊長類の脳皮質より 大きく複雑です
  • この拡大を促す 進化的メカニズムを理解することは 神経科学の重要な問題です
  • これまでの研究で 遺伝子や細胞の要因が 調べられましたが 完全な理解は 難しいままです

研究 の 目的:

  • 他の類人猿と比べて 人間の脳皮質の拡張を 支える細胞メカニズムを調査する
  • 人間の進化の過程で皮質の大きさに寄与したかもしれない特定の細胞の行動と移行を特定する.

主な方法:

  • 人間を含む複数の類人猿の種で 多能幹細胞から脳器官の生成
  • 高解像度生画像と高度な顕微鏡技術で,3Dオーガノイド培養における祖先細胞の行動を観察する.
  • 発達中のオーガノイド内の神経上皮原細胞の形状,分裂パターン,空間的組織の定量分析.

主要な成果:

  • ヒトとヒト以外の類人猿のオーガノイドの間の神経上皮原細胞形状のダイナミクスの有意な差異が観察されました.
  • ヒトの祖先は 異なった移行状態を示し 猿の祖先と比べると 長くて 縮小した形をとっています
  • これらの形状の移行は,変異した祖先の増殖率と相関し,皮質の表面積の拡大に潜在的に影響を与える.

結論:

  • 神経上皮質の原始細胞の形状転換は,人間の脳皮質の進化的拡張に伴う重要な要因です.
  • この研究は人間の脳の 独特な発達を説明するのに役立つ 新しい細胞メカニズムを提供します
  • これらの発見は,皮質の発達と進化の遺伝的および分子的調節に関する研究のための新しい道を開きます.