化石類人猿と人間の進化
Sergio Almécija1,2,3, Ashley S Hammond4,2, Nathan E Thompson5
1Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New York, NY 10024, USA. salmecija@amnh.org.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 7, 2021
まとめ
人類の起源はアフリカまで遡り ~930万~650万年前に猿の祖先から 離れていったのです 初期のヒト類は 現代の類人猿や人間とは かなり異なっていたようです
科学分野:
- 古人類学
- 霊長類の進化
- 人間 の 起源
背景:
- ヒトと現代の類人猿 (ホミノイド) は直立した姿勢のような特徴を持っていますが,化石の証拠は古代の多様性を示唆しています.
- 生きているホミノイドは かつてより多様な種群の 限られたサンプルを表しています
- チンパンジーと人間の最後の共通の祖先を理解することは 初期のヒトの進化を再構築する鍵です
研究 の 目的:
- チンパンジーと人間の最後の共通の祖先の 形状,行動,環境を再構築する
- 人類の進化の分岐点 (ホミニン) を調べる
- ミオセンの類人猿の祖先から 人類の起源を理解するために
主な方法:
- ホミノイドの化石の分析
- 現存するヒト類と絶滅したヒト類の比較形質.
- 祖先の状態と環境の再構築
主要な成果:
- 化石記録は 現在存在するよりも 古代ホミノイドの多様性を明らかにしています
- 現代の類人猿に見られる 運動能力の適応を 持つ古代の種は ひとりもありませんでした
- 現代の類人猿の共通する特徴は 似た選択的圧力によって 独立して進化したのかもしれません
結論:
- 人類はミオセンの類人猿の祖先から アフリカで生まれました 他の類人猿とは違います
- ホミノイドの進化は並列の適応と より幅広い祖先の形態を伴いました
- 人類の祖先を再構築することは 人類の祖先の起源を理解するために 極めて重要です
関連する概念動画
02:31Synteny and Evolution
3.5K
John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
3.5K
02:56The Fossil Record
26.4K
The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...
26.4K
02:35What is Evolutionary History?
41.2K
Scientists record evolutionary history by analyzing fossil, morphological, and genetic data. The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth and provides evidence for evolution. However, both fossil and living organisms offer evidence that outlines Earth’s evolutionary history.
41.2K
02:55The Evidence for Evolution
45.5K
Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
45.5K
01:23Phylogeny
55.7K
Phylogeny is concerned with the evolutionary diversification of organisms or groups of organisms. A group of organisms with a name is called a taxon (singular). Taxa (plural) can span different levels of the evolutionary hierarchy. For instance, the group containing all birds is a taxon (comprising the class Aves), and the group of all species of daisies (the genus Bellis) is a taxon. Phylogenies can likewise include just one genus (i.e., depict species relationships) or span an entire kingdom.
55.7K
01:24Eukaryotic Evolution
39.1K
The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...
Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...
39.1K