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関連する概念動画

Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
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At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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エフェクタタンパク質の徴用のための並列経路は,セントロメア駆動と抑制を決定する.

Tomohiro Kumon1, Jun Ma1, R Brian Akins1

  • 1Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Cell
|August 25, 2021
PubMed
まとめ

自己中心型DNAは 偏った遺伝を促します セントロメアタンパク質は,キネトコア経路を抑制し,ヘテロクロマチン経路を好むことで,安定した染色体伝播を保証することで,この駆動に対抗するために進化します.

キーワード:
セントロメア進化的な軍拡競争ヘテロクロマチンキネトコアミエオティック・ドライブ利己的な遺伝的要素

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科学分野:

  • 遺伝学
  • 進化生物学
  • 分子生物学

背景:

  • 利己的なセントロメア DNA 配列はメイオシス中に伝播をバイアスすることができます.これはセントロメアドライブとして知られる現象です.
  • 進化論では,セントロメアタンパク質が共同で進化し,セントロメア駆動の負の影響を軽減すると考えられています.

研究 の 目的:

  • セントロメアタンパク質がハイブリッドマウスモデルでセントロメア駆動を抑制する分子機構を調査する.
  • 母親と父親のセンターメアの機能的差異を調節するキネトコアとヘテロクロマチン経路の役割を決定する.

主な方法:

  • 遺伝的に異なった母性および父性センターメアのハイブリッドマウスモデルを使用した.
  • キネトコア経路のエゴイスト・セントロメアDNAの利用と 微小管の不安定化タンパク質の採用を調査した.
  • CENP-C アレル経由によるキネトコア経路とCENP-B 削除経由によるヘテロクロマチン経路の破壊
  • モリナエのゲノムに 分子進化の分析を行った.

主要な成果:

  • 自私的なセントロメアDNAは キネトコア経路を駆動して 微小管の不安定化タンパク質を誘発します
  • パラレルヘテロクロマチン経路は,センターメアの機能的差異を抑制する.
  • CENP-Cの破壊はセントロメア差を減らし,CENP-Bの削除はそれらを増幅した.
  • 分子進化は 両方の経路のタンパク質の 適応的変化を明らかにした.

結論:

  • セントロメアタンパク質は 利己的なDNAが利用する キネトコア経路を抑制するために進化しました
  • ヘテロクロマチン経路はセントロメアを均衡させ,セントロメア駆動に逆らいます.
  • 繰り返しの進化は,重要なセントロメア機能を維持しながら,キネトコーア経路の搾取を最小限にすることを目的としています.