戦う意志
1Scott Atran is an emeritus director of research at the French National Center for Scientific Research, Paris, France; a senior research associate at the Changing Character of War Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; and adjunct professor at the Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 13, 2021
まとめ
戦闘意欲を理解するには 神聖な価値観と霊的な力の 重要な役割を認識する必要があります 戦略的評価では しばしば見過ごされます これらの要因を無視すると 予測が誤り 難解なセキュリティ問題が生じます
科学分野:
- 政治科学
- 軍事戦略
- 社会学
背景:
- アフガニスタンとイラクでの最近の軍事的成果は 敵の決意を驚くほど過小評価し 連合国の戦闘意欲を過大評価しています
- 諜報的評価では "戦う意志"は 計り知れないものとして分類され 重要な動機付けの要因を理解する上で ギャップがあることが示されています
- 政治的・軍事的指導者は 戦闘の有効性において 神聖な価値観と 精神的な力の重要性を強調する研究を 軽視することが多いのです
研究 の 目的:
- 軍事的・政治的意思決定における 精神的強さと神聖な価値観の 過小評価を分析する.
- 闘争意欲を評価する際の 道具的・実用的な理性に対する 狭い焦点に挑戦すること
- 紛争のダイナミクスを理解する上で 非ユーティリティ的要因の重要性を強調する.
主な方法:
- 政治的・軍事的指導者の声明と評価の見直し
- 神聖な価値観と精神的な強さに関する既存の研究の分析
- セキュリティ研究における合理的な選択の枠組みを批判する.
主要な成果:
- 神聖 な 価値 と 霊的 な 力 に 関する 研究 を 軽んじ て いる こと は よく あり ます.
- この軽視は,戦う意志に関する誤算に貢献します.
- 利害主義的な合理性への狭い焦点は 脅威の正確な評価を妨げます
結論:
- 戦う意欲は神聖な価値観と 精神的な力によって大きく影響されます
- セキュリティの課題を克服するために これらの要素を組み込むことは極めて重要です
- 将来の分析は 道具としての合理性を越えた より広い視野を 持つ必要があります
関連する概念動画
01:19Resistance
5.1K
When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
5.1K
01:38Cognitive Dissonance
34.6K
Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
34.6K
01:47Aggression
28.6K
Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for...
28.6K
01:29Self-Efficacy
31
Self-efficacy is the belief in one's capacity to organize and execute actions necessary to manage prospective situations. This belief significantly influences how individuals approach goals, tasks, and challenges across different domains of life.Psychological and Educational ImpactsIndividuals with strong self-efficacy are more resilient in the face of difficulties. They are more likely to adopt effective problem-solving strategies, persist through obstacles, and regulate emotions such as...
31
01:21Secondary Motives: Affiliation Motivation and Aggression Motivation
461
Affiliation motivation is the intrinsic desire to connect with others and belong to a social group, which plays a crucial role in forming and maintaining personal relationships. This type of motivation is essential for psychological well-being, as it provides individuals with a sense of community and support. An example of this is a student who joins a study group in order to feel a sense of connection. People with high affiliation motivation actively seek social approval, take satisfaction in...
461
01:24Growth versus Fixed Mindset
41
Carol Dweck introduced the term mindset to describe individuals' beliefs about their intellectual and personal capabilities. These beliefs significantly influence psychological processes such as motivation, goal-setting, and perseverance, ultimately shaping academic and life outcomes. Individuals generally possess one of two mindsets- a fixed or a growth mindset—each promoting different responses to success, failure, and challenge.Fixed vs. Growth MindsetA fixed mindset assumes that one's...
41