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Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

2.8K
In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
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First Law: Particles in Two-dimensional Equilibrium01:18

First Law: Particles in Two-dimensional Equilibrium

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Recall that a particle in equilibrium is one for which the external forces are balanced. Static equilibrium involves objects at rest, and dynamic equilibrium involves objects in motion without acceleration; but it is important to remember that these conditions are relative. For instance, an object may be at rest when viewed from one frame of reference, but that same object would appear to be in motion when viewed by someone moving at a constant velocity.
Newton's first law tells us about...
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Cyclic Processes And Isolated Systems01:19

Cyclic Processes And Isolated Systems

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A thermodynamic system with zero heat exchange and work is an isolated system. For these systems, the internal energy remains constant.
In the case of a non-isolated system, the change in the internal energy is zero only if the process is cyclic. A thermodynamic process is considered cyclic if the system undergoes a series of changes and returns to its initial state. 
Consider a cyclic process that returns to its initial state, undergoing a four-step process. The heat transfer along each...
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Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
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First Law: Particles in One-dimensional Equilibrium01:10

First Law: Particles in One-dimensional Equilibrium

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Newton's first law of motion states that a body at rest remains at rest, or if in motion, remains in motion at constant velocity, unless acted on by a net external force. It also states that there must be a cause for any change in velocity (a change in either magnitude or direction) to occur. This cause is a net external force. For example, consider what happens to an object sliding along a rough horizontal surface. The object quickly grinds to a halt, due to the net force of friction. If...
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Divergence and Stokes' Theorems01:06

Divergence and Stokes' Theorems

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The divergence and Stokes' theorems are a variation of Green's theorem in a higher dimension. They are also a generalization of the fundamental theorem of calculus. The divergence theorem and Stokes' theorem are in a way similar to each other; The divergence theorem relates to the dot product of a vector, while Stokes' theorem relates to the curl of a vector. Many applications in physics and engineering make use of the divergence and Stokes' theorems, enabling us to write...
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Monitoring Spatial Segregation in Surface Colonizing Microbial Populations
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空間パターンの形成による複雑なシステムにおける傾き回避

Max Rietkerk1, Robbin Bastiaansen2, Swarnendu Banerjee1,3,4

  • 1Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, 3508 TC, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 7, 2021
PubMed
まとめ

空間的な自己組織化は 回復力を示し 複雑なシステムが 壊滅的な転換点を回避するのに 役立つかもしれません この研究は,地球規模の変化の中で,生態系と地球システムの安定性をどのように示すことができるかを探求しています.

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科学分野:

  • エコロジー
  • 複雑なシステム科学
  • 地球システム科学

背景:

  • 地球規模の変化は生態系と地球システムに 壊滅的な転換点をもたらす リスクをもたらします
  • これらの重要な移行の早期警告指標は積極的に求められています.
  • 空間的な自己組織化は 早期警告信号として考えられています

研究 の 目的:

  • 臨界点を回避する空間的自己組織化の役割を検討する.
  • 迫り来る崩壊の指標ではなく 回復力のシグナルとして 空間的自己組織化を再構築する
  • 複雑なシステムが空間的なパターンを形成することによって 回復力を発揮する条件を探る.

主な方法:

  • 空間的自己組織化と批判的移行に関する文献レビュー
  • 空間パターンとシステムの回復力を結びつける理論的枠組みの分析
  • パターン形成による臨界点回避の証拠の合成

主要な成果:

  • 空間的自己組織化は 複雑なシステムにおける 臨界点の回避を容易にします
  • パターン形成はシステムの回復力を維持するメカニズムとして機能します
  • この現象は,様々な生態系と地球システムのコンポーネントに潜在的に適用できます.

結論:

  • 空間的な自己組織化は 回復力の重要な指標であり 必ずしも 臨界点の早期警告ではないのです
  • 空間パターンの形成を理解することは 回復力のあるシステムを特定し 育むための鍵です
  • 回復力や転換点回避を促進する条件を明確にするために,さらなる体系的な分析が必要である.