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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:
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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the...
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(O2) と,P2型ナトリウム3d層酸化物と,高フッ素電解質によって可能になった安定したインターフェースにおける酸化種として,トラップされた分子O2の共存

Chong Zhao1, Chao Li1, Hui Liu1

  • 1Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|October 26, 2021
PubMed
まとめ

この研究は,酸化した酸素種がナトリウムイオン電池のカソッドを不安定化することを明らかにしています. 酸化電解質を使用すると,保護インターフェースが作られ,カソッドの安定性が向上し,高性能になります.

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科学分野:

  • 材料科学
  • 電気化学
  • エネルギー貯蔵

背景:

  • ナトリウムイオン層の酸化カトドのインターフェースの安定性は,バッテリーの性能にとって極めて重要です.
  • サイクリング中に形成された酸化酸素種は,カソッドの分解につながります.
  • 従来の炭酸エレクトロライトは,これらの酸化種との反応に敏感です.

研究 の 目的:

  • カトド/電解質インターフェースの不安定性における酸化酸素種の役割を調査する.
  • 新しい電解質を用いたP2-Na0.66[Li0.22Mn0.78]O2カトドの安定したインターフェースを開発する.
  • ナトリウムイオン電池のサイクル安定性と電気化学性能を向上させる.

主な方法:

  • 酸化酸素種を特定するための高度な電子パラマグネティック共振 (EPR) スペクトロスコーピー.
  • P2-Na0.66[Li0.22Mn0.78]O2の電気化学試験は,従来の電解質と高化電解質を用いて行われます.
  • カトド-電解質インターフェーズ (CEI) 膜形成の特徴

主要な成果:

  • (O2)−と閉じ込められた分子O2の共存は,ナトリウム化/脱ナトリウム化中に確認された.
  • 高濃度フッ素の電解質は堅固でNaFが豊富なCEIフィルムを形成した.
  • この保護CEIは,構造的な分解,Li/Mn溶解,そしてO2の放出を緩和し,可逆的な酸素還酸化を可能にしました.

結論:

  • 酸化した酸素種は,カトド/電解質の界面の安定性に大きく影響する.
  • 高濃度フッ素の電解質は,ナトリウムイオン電池の安定したインターフェースの構築に有効です.
  • このアプローチは,高いクーロンビック効率 (> 99%) と,室温および高温で優れたサイクル安定性を可能にします.