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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

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sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
11.0K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

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Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation...
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単一炭素空白トラップ 原子プラチナ 水素進化触媒

Qin Yang1,2, Hanxuan Liu3, Pei Yuan1

  • 1College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 7, 2022
PubMed
まとめ

研究者らは,欠陥グラフェン内でユニークな原子プラチナ構成 (Pt-C3) を作成し,水素進化反応 (HER) の活動を大幅に高めました. この画期的な発見は,HERの応用において,従来のプラチナ製の触媒に好ましい代替手段を提供している.

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科学分野:

  • 材料科学
  • 電気化学
  • カタリシス

背景:

  • 原子プラチナ (Pt) は,水素進化反応 (HER) の高固有の活性で認識されています.
  • Ptの調整環境を最適化することは,触媒性能を高めるために極めて重要です.

研究 の 目的:

  • 欠陥炭素マトリックスで新しいPt-C3構成を合成し,特徴づけること.
  • 酸性およびアルカリ性の両方の環境でPt-C3構成のHER活動を評価する.
  • HERの性能を向上させる根本的なメカニズムを解明する.

主な方法:

  • 炭素マトリックスの単一の空白の合成 (欠陥グラフェン).
  • Pt-C3の構成を形成するために空白の内部に原子Ptを閉じ込めます.
  • ターンオーバー周波数 (TOF) と質量活性測定を含むHER活動の電気化学的評価.

主要な成果:

  • Pt- C3構成は,酸性およびアルカリ性溶液の両方において,HERに対して非常に高い反応性を示した.
  • 本質的活性 (TOF) と質量活動は,商用20重%Pt/Cのおよそ18倍であった.
  • Pt-C3サイトは,電子捕獲能力の向上と,より低いギブス自由エネルギー差 (ΔG) を示した.

結論:

  • 欠陥のある炭素マトリックスでの最適化されたPt-C3調整は優れたHER性能を提供します.
  • 強化された活動は,改善された H+ 還元と加速された H2 脱吸収に起因する.
  • この研究は,HERの高度に活発で分散した原子Pt触媒の設計に関する新しい洞察を提供します.