米国の人口と所得層における大気汚染への曝露の格差
Abdulrahman Jbaily1, Xiaodan Zhou2, Jie Liu2
1Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. ajbaily@hsph.harvard.edu.
Nature
|January 13, 2022
まとめ
微細粒子 (PM2.5) への曝露は,米国におけるマイノリティと低所得層に不釣り合いな影響を及ぼします. 空気汚染への曝露におけるこれらの格差は,時間とともに拡大しており,公平な健康保護のために標的を絞った削減が必要となっている.
科学分野:
- 環境 健康
- 流行病学について
- 公衆衛生政策
背景:
- 大気汚染,特に微細粒子 (PM2.5) は,世界の主要な死因です.
- 既存の研究は,アメリカにおける人種・民族・所得層の間で,PM2.5の露出に重大な差異があることを示している.
- こうした格差は 健康上の不平等を助長し 環境の不公平を強調しています
研究 の 目的:
- 米国の人口統計と PM2.5 曝露データをリンクする包括的なデータプラットフォームを開発する.
- 異なる人口と所得層における PM2.5 曝露の格差の時空的傾向を分析する.
- 既定の空気の質基準に照らされる際の差を評価する.
主な方法:
- アメリカ国勢調査局とアメリカコミュニティー調査から集約された人口統計データとPM2.5データ
- 2000年から2016年にかけての米国郵便番号レベルのリンクデータを分析した.
- 人種・民族・所得層の PM2.5 曝露レベルを比較し,EPAとWHOの安全基準を比較した.
主要な成果:
- 黒人,アジア人,ヒスパニック系/ラテン系の人口が多い地域は,白人,ネイティブアメリカンの人口が多い地域よりも平均的なPM2.5暴露率が一貫して高かった.
- 低所得地域は2004年から2016年の間に高所得地域と比較して平均PM2.5曝露率が一貫して高かった.
- 米国環境保護庁とWHOの安全基準に対する暴露の格差は,研究期間中に明らかに増加した.
結論:
- 米国では,人種・民族・社会経済的な差異によって,PM2.5への曝露の格差が大きく増大しています.
- 現在の大気汚染削減戦略は,すべての住民の平等な保護を確保するのに不十分かもしれません.
- これらの環境衛生上の不平等に対処し,公衆衛生の統一的な保護を達成するためには,標的を絞った介入が不可欠です.
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