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関連する概念動画

Vicinal Diols via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: Pinacol Coupling Overview01:27

Vicinal Diols via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: Pinacol Coupling Overview

1.8K
Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig discovered the pinacol coupling reaction in 1859. It is a radical dimerization reaction and involves the reductive coupling of aldehydes or ketones in the presence of hydrocarbon solvent to yield vicinal diols.
1.8K
Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

6.4K
Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
6.4K
Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions01:38

Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions

6.1K
Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group.  The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2,  depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides, and the...
6.1K
Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes02:35

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

20.7K
In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
20.7K
Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation01:19

Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation

6.8K
Similar to water, alcohols can add to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehydes and ketones. The addition of one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl compound forms the hemiacetal or half acetal. As depicted below, in a hemiacetal, the carbon is directly linked to an OH and OR group.
6.8K
Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction01:15

Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

2.7K
The aldol reaction of a ketone under acidic conditions successfully forms an unsaturated carbonyl as the final product instead of an aldol. The acid-catalyzed aldol reaction is depicted in Figure 1.
2.7K

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Retropinacol/Cross-pinacol Coupling Reactions - A Catalytic Access to 1,2-Unsymmetrical Diols
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Retropinacol/Cross-pinacol Coupling Reactions - A Catalytic Access to 1,2-Unsymmetrical Diols

Published on: April 4, 2014

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異質的に触媒化されたアルコールカップリングにおける溶媒反応中間相互作用の直接観察

Eri Muramoto1, Dipna A Patel2, Wei Chen3,4

  • 1John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|September 16, 2022
PubMed
まとめ

反応中間産物と共吸収メタノールの相互作用は,触媒表面を安定させ,反応速度と選択性に影響を与える. この研究は,触媒の表面化学に関する新しい洞察を明らかにします.

さらに関連する動画

A Toolkit to Enable Hydrocarbon Conversion in Aqueous Environments
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A Toolkit to Enable Hydrocarbon Conversion in Aqueous Environments

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Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy
07:49

Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: February 20, 2020

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関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Retropinacol/Cross-pinacol Coupling Reactions - A Catalytic Access to 1,2-Unsymmetrical Diols
10:12

Retropinacol/Cross-pinacol Coupling Reactions - A Catalytic Access to 1,2-Unsymmetrical Diols

Published on: April 4, 2014

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A Toolkit to Enable Hydrocarbon Conversion in Aqueous Environments
20:28

A Toolkit to Enable Hydrocarbon Conversion in Aqueous Environments

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Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy
07:49

Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: February 20, 2020

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科学分野:

  • 表面化学
  • キャタリシス
  • 化学運動学

背景:

  • 表面相互作用は触媒反応の速度と選択性を支配する.
  • ヴァン・ダー・ワールズ力のような二次相互作用は,結合反応の選択性に影響する.
  • 介質と反応物質の相互作用を理解することは,表面触媒にとって極めて重要です.

研究 の 目的:

  • 吸収された反応中間物質と反応物質の分子間の相互作用が結合エネルギーと分子配列に及ぼす影響を直接実証する.
  • 金 (Au110)) 表面でのメタノールの酸化結合反応を調査する.
  • 同吸収メタノールの安定化におけるメトキシ中間物の役割を解明する.

主な方法:

  • スキャントンネル顕微鏡 (STM) を使用した分子スケールの直接イメージング.
  • 密度関数理論 (DFT) の計算
  • マイクロキネティック分析のための運動モデリング.

主要な成果:

  • メトキシ中間産物と共吸収メタノールの相互作用は結合エネルギーを増加させる.
  • メトキシとメタノールによって形成された水素結合ネットワークは,メタノール分子が少なくとも0.13 eVで安定します.
  • メトキシ中介物質は過剰に吸収されたメタノールを安定させ,ベータ水素分解によって脱吸収させます.

結論:

  • 反応中間産物と共吸収された種間の相互作用は,表面化学に大きな影響を及ぼします.
  • 精密な運動モデルは,触媒速度と選択性を予測するためにこれらの相互作用を含む必要があります.
  • 発見は,気相と液相の触媒反応において,重要な共吸収種と関連している.