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関連する概念動画

Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
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Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

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Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
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Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
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Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
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Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

Mutations in Microorganisms

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Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
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微生物の代謝物はDNAを損傷する

Jens Puschhof1, Cynthia L Sears2,3

  • 1Microbiome and Cancer Division, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 27, 2022
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

以前は有害だと知られていなかった 特定の腸内細菌は 宿主細胞を傷つける様々な遺伝子毒素を生成します この発見は 腸内微生物から生じる 細胞の健康に対する 新たな脅威を強調しています

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Quantification of three DNA Lesions by Mass Spectrometry and Assessment of Their Levels in Tissues of Mice Exposed to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter
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科学分野:

  • 微生物学
  • 遺伝学
  • 毒理学について

背景:

  • 腸内微生物群は 宿主の健康に 重要な役割を果たします
  • 微生物の代謝物は宿主細胞の機能と完全性に影響を与える.
  • 遺伝子毒はDNAを損傷し 変異や病気を引き起こす可能性があります

研究 の 目的:

  • ゲノトキシンを生成する腸内微生物の種を特定する.
  • これらの予期せぬ微生物群によって生成される遺伝子毒素の種類を特徴づける.
  • これらの遺伝子毒素が宿主細胞に与える潜在的な影響を評価する.

主な方法:

  • メタゲノム配列化により 微生物の成分が特定される.
  • 予期せぬ細菌種を 隔離して育てる
  • 遺伝子毒素の検出と特定のための質量スペクトロメトリーと生化学分析
  • ホスト細胞の遺伝子毒性を評価するための細胞ベースの測定法.

主要な成果:

  • 腸内微生物群には,これまで遺伝子毒素の産生が知られていなかったいくつかの細菌種が確認された.
  • DNAにダメージを与える化合物を含む 多様な遺伝子毒素が これらの予期せぬ微生物によって生成されました
  • これらの微生物の遺伝子毒素への曝露は,宿主細胞のDNAに重大な損傷をもたらしました.

結論:

  • 腸内微生物群は これまで考えられていたよりも ゲノトキシンを生成する細菌の 範囲が広いのです
  • これらの新たに特定された微生物遺伝毒素は,宿主細胞の損傷および関連疾患の潜在的な危険因子です.
  • これらの発見の in vivo 関連性および影響を理解するために,さらなる研究が必要である.