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関連する概念動画

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

10.7K
The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
10.7K
Translation01:31

Translation

15.0K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
15.0K
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.2K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.2K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

25.6K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
25.6K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

11.7K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
11.7K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

34.3K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
34.3K

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Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems
06:18

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems

Published on: April 26, 2019

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コード化されていない翻訳の緩和

Jordan S Kesner1,2, Ziheng Chen1,2,3, Peiguo Shi1,2

  • 1Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.

Nature
|April 12, 2023
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

非コーディングDNA領域からの翻訳は特に癌のような病気で頻繁に起こります この研究は,退化または膜の局所化のために異常なポリペプチドを標的とする,水害性C端尾を含む監視メカニズムを明らかにしています.

さらに関連する動画

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
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De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

Published on: February 18, 2022

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Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
10:24

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

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関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Aug 3, 2025

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems
06:18

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems

Published on: April 26, 2019

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De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
08:23

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

Published on: February 18, 2022

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Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
10:24

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

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科学分野:

  • 遺伝学
  • 分子生物学
  • 生物化学

背景:

  • 翻訳は,長いノンコーディングRNA,翻訳されていない領域,およびイントロンを含む,正規のコーディング領域を超えて発生します.
  • この非正規的な翻訳は老化,神経変性,癌に絡み合っており,多くの腫瘍特異性抗原がそこから発生しています.
  • ノンコーディング翻訳と結果のポリペプチドの機能的進化を監視するメカニズムは,ほとんど不明のままである.

研究 の 目的:

  • 非コード翻訳の監視メカニズムを調査する.
  • ノンコーディング領域からのポリペプチドが新しい機能を取得する方法を理解する.
  • これらの新しいポリペプチドの局所化を制御する生化学的経路を解明する.

主な方法:

  • 1万以上のヒトゲノムと 数百万のランダムな配列の 膨大な並行分析を統合したものです
  • ゲノム全体のCRISPRスクリーンです
  • 詳細な遺伝子と生化学的特徴

主要な成果:

  • ノンコーディングゲノムと遺伝子コードの内在的なヌクレオチドバイアスは,しばしば水害性C端尾を持つポリペプチドを生成する.
  • BAG6膜タンパク質トリアージ複合体は,これらの水害性尾を捕捉し,分解または膜標的化のためにポリペプチドを誘導します.
  • カノニカルタンパク質はC末端の水性残基を欠くように進化し,非コーディング変換産物と区別される.

結論:

  • 異なった非コーディングゲノム領域からの望ましくない翻訳に対して,安全監視メカニズムが存在します.
  • このメカニズムには,BAG6複合体と水害性C端尾認識が含まれています.
  • 新しく進化したタンパク質の優先膜局所化のための潜在的な生化学的経路が特定される.