アフリカにおける疾病,食料,水の課題に対する地球規模の健康革新
Jason R Rohr1, Alexandra Sack2, Sidy Bakhoum3
1Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental Change Initiative, Eck Institute of Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA. jasonrohr@gmail.com.
Nature
|July 12, 2023
まとめ
西アフリカで浸食的な水生植物を除去することで 石病 (寄生虫の病気) が減り 水へのアクセスが改善されました このアプローチは,家畜の飼料と作物生産を通じて経済的利益をもたらし,貧困と病気に対する持続可能な解決策を提供しました.
科学分野:
- 環境科学
- 公衆衛生
- 農業科学
- 寄生虫学
背景:
- 低所得国や中所得国の地域社会は 感染症,食糧不足,水不足,貧困といった 相互に関連した課題に直面しています
- 農業開発と肥料の使用は,病気を伝達するスナイルを宿す水生植物を促進することによって,スキストソミアシス (寄生虫の病気) を悪化させるという仮説があります.
- 統合失調症は 世界中で2億人以上が罹患しており 効果的な予防策の緊急性を強調しています
研究 の 目的:
- 浸水植物を取り除くと スキストソミアシスの感染が減り 西アフリカで水へのアクセスが改善されるという仮説を検証するためです
- 家畜の飼料と農業用堆肥として使用することを含め,植物の除去の経済的実行可能性と副利益を評価する.
- スナイルの生息地を検出するための遠隔感知の可能性を調査し,介入の拡大を容易にする.
主な方法:
- クラスターランダム化制御試験は16の村で実施され,8の村の水源から浸食性植物を除去した.
- 小学生の腸内シストソーマ感染率と水道へのアクセス率を採取部と対照部で比較した.
- 飼料試験では,除去された植物の栄養価を家畜に評価し,植物を堆肥に変換することで作物の生産上の利益が評価されました.
主要な成果:
- 植生を撤去した村では 腸内シストソーマ感染率が1.46倍高く オープンウォーターへのアクセスが 制御部と比較して減少した.
- 植物の除去は地元の水質や淡水の生物多様性に 長期的に悪影響を及ぼさなかった.
- 採取された植物は,従来の飼料より41~179倍安く,費用対効果の高い飼料となり,堆肥に変換すると,利益対コストの比率が高かった (8.8まで).
結論:
- 浸食的な水生植物の除去は 費用対効果の高い持続可能な介入であり,公衆衛生と経済に 大きな共同利益をもたらし,貧困と病気のサイクルを断ち切る可能性があります.
- このアプローチは,クリアされた水路を維持し,栄養素を農業に戻し,食料安全保障と環境の持続可能性に取り組むための経済的インセンティブを提供します.
- リモートセンシング技術は,複雑なグローバルな課題に対する,この双赢の解決策の標的の介入とスケーリングに活用できます.
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