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関連する概念動画

Organization of the Brain01:30

Organization of the Brain

858
The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
Hindbrain
The hindbrain, located at the base of the brain, plays a vital role in regulating automatic processes that sustain life. It includes the medulla oblongata, which is essential for...
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Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions01:20

Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions

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The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It consists of four main parts: the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem.
The cerebrum is the largest section of the brain and divides into left and right hemispheres, separated by a deep fissure. The cerebral outer layer of grey matter — the cerebral cortex — comprises elevations called gyri and shallow groves called sulci. The inner portion of white matter includes long nerve fibers known as axons, which connect...
5.1K
Biological Influences on Intelligence01:30

Biological Influences on Intelligence

146
Intelligence is often thought to be linked to brain size, but the relationship is more complex than that. While brain size does correlate modestly with some abilities, like verbal skills, the connection is weaker for others, such as spatial reasoning. Other factors, like brain structure, also play crucial roles. For instance, despite Einstein's smaller-than-average brain, his parietal cortex, which is involved in spatial reasoning, was 15% wider, suggesting that neural density might matter...
146
Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I01:26

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

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The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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関連する実験動画

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Microdissection of Mouse Brain into Functionally and Anatomically Different Regions
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ヒトの脳進化の細胞の複雑さを駆動する分子特性

Emre Caglayan1,2, Fatma Ayhan1,2, Yuxiang Liu1,2

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.

Nature
|July 19, 2023
PubMed
まとめ

人間の脳の進化には 独特のゲノム変化が伴います この研究はヒトと霊長類の細胞タイプ特有の 分子と規制の違いを明らかにし 人間の脳のイノベーションのメカニズムを明らかにしています

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Generation of Standardized and Reproducible Forebrain-type Cerebral Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jul 23, 2025

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Microdissection of Mouse Brain into Functionally and Anatomically Different Regions

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Electroporation of Sliced Human Cortical Organoids for Studies of Gene Function
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Generation of Standardized and Reproducible Forebrain-type Cerebral Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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科学分野:

  • 進化生物学
  • 神経科学
  • ゲノミクス

背景:

  • ヒト特有のゲノム変異が 独特の脳の機能を支えています
  • 細胞の多様性と複雑な遺伝子調節は,ヒト特有の分子特性の細胞解像度分析を必要とします.

研究 の 目的:

  • 細胞解像度で脳内のヒト特有の分子および調節特性を特徴づける.
  • ヒトの脳の進化に寄与するゲノム領域と規制メカニズムを特定する.

主な方法:

  • 単核RNA配列解析 (snRNA-seq) と,配列解析 (snATAC-seq) のデータによるトランポゼーゼアクセス可能なクロマチンの単核解析.
  • 人間,チンパンジー, rhesus macaque (後帯状皮質) の脳組織を比較した分析.

主要な成果:

  • オリゴデンドロサイト集団におけるヒト特有の変化 (先駆体増加,成熟細胞減少) を観察した.
  • FOXP2のアップレギュレーションを含む,オリゴデンドロサイト原始細胞とニューロンのサブタイプにおける加速されたヒト特異的な調節変化を特定した.
  • 刺激性ニューロンのFOS::JUNとFOXモチーフに富んだ,染色体のアクセシビリティが変化した数百のヒト加速ゲノム領域 (HAR) を発見した.

結論:

  • 細胞型に特化した新種の 分子と制御メカニズムが 人間の脳の進化を駆動しています
  • オリゴデンドロ細胞の発達とヒトの神経革新における特異的な転写因子の役割を強調する.