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Nuclear Binding Energy02:13

Nuclear Binding Energy

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The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons...
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Hess's Law03:40

Hess's Law

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There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
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Noble Gases02:54

Noble Gases

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The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be nonreactive since they have filled valence shells. In 1962, Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia proved this assumption to be false.
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
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Atomic Mass01:52

Atomic Mass

59.6K
Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of...
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Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge03:08

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

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The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.
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核から最も高い地上のヘ/ヘ4

F Horton1, P D Asimow2, K A Farley2

  • 1Geology and Geophysics Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA. fhorton@whoi.edu.

Nature
|October 18, 2023
PubMed
まとめ

科学者はバフィン島の溶岩で非常に高いヘリウム-3 (3He) とヘリウム-4 (4He) の比率を発見し,この原始的なガスの核起源の可能性を示唆した. この 発見 は,ヘリウム に つい て 長い間 信じ られ て き た 見方 に 異議 を 唱え て い ます

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科学分野:

  • 地化学
  • 地理学
  • 地球科学

背景:

  • マントルのプラーム・ラバは通常,上部マントルよりも高い3He/4He比を示します.
  • 高い3He/4He比は,伝統的に地球の蓄積中に組み込まれた太陽の星雲の原始物質に起因する.
  • このコンポーネントはマントルに孤立し,ガスの放出を避けていたと考えられていた.

研究 の 目的:

  • 地上の火山岩で異常に高い3He/4He比率の起源を調査する.
  • 地球の核が原始のヘリウム源かもしれないという仮説を テストするために
  • 地球の奥深くにある 揮発性元素の進化モデルを再評価する

主な方法:

  • バフィン島の溶岩のオリビン結晶におけるヘリウム同位体比 (3He/4He) の分析.
  • 潜在的ヘリウム源を評価するための地化学および地物理モデリング

主要な成果:

  • 地上の火山岩でこれまでに記録された最高級の3He/4He比率 (大気比率の67.2±1.8倍) が測定された.
  • 観測されたバフィン島の溶岩の比率は 地球の核からの潜在的貢献と一致しています
  • この発見は,原始的なヘリウムの位置と地球での生存の確立された理解に挑戦しています.

結論:

  • 地球の核は,マントルの溶岩に観測された高3He/4Heの活力源である可能性があります.
  • このような高い比率の存在は,原始的な揮発性物質はマントルの中でのみ生き残ったという長年の仮定に挑戦しています.
  • この発見は,地球深層の揮発性インベントリとその進化に関するモデルの見直しを必要とします.