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関連する概念動画

Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

9.3K
Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone. 
When dissolved in liquid ammonia, an alkali metal,...
9.3K
Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

3.5K
Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
3.5K
Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

10.4K
Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
10.4K
Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction01:20

Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

4.8K
Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.
4.8K
α-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions01:10

α-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions

3.1K
Ketones with α protons are deprotonated by strong bases like lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) to form enolate ions. The anion is stabilized by resonance, and its hybrid structure exhibits negative charges on the carbonyl oxygen and the α carbon. This ambident nucleophile can attack an electrophile via two possible sites: the carbonyl oxygen, known as O-attack, or the α carbon, known as C-attack. The nucleophilic attack via the carbanionic site is preferred. This is due to the...
3.1K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

3.6K
Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
3.6K

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
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Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Published on: January 22, 2015

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エーテルベースの電解質によるリチウム媒介アンモニア電気合成

Xiyang Cai1,2, Xingdian Li3, Jiabin You1

  • 1Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|November 15, 2023
PubMed
まとめ

研究者は,アンモニアを合成するためにリチウム媒介窒素還元 (LiNR) のエーテルベースの溶媒を探索した. テトラヒドロフーランは高い効率を示し,溶媒を強調した.

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Non-aqueous Electrode Processing and Construction of Lithium-ion Coin Cells

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
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Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

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A Protocol for Safe Lithiation Reactions Using Organolithium Reagents
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科学分野:

  • 電気化学
  • 緑の化学
  • 材料科学

背景:

  • アンモニアは肥料と化学合成に不可欠です
  • 電気化学的窒素還元 (LiNR) によるアンモニア合成は,Haber-Boschに対する持続可能な代替手段であり,世界的な排出削減の取り組みと一致しています.
  • 電解質の最適化はLiNR効率の鍵であり,溶媒の効果は十分に研究されていない.

研究 の 目的:

  • アンモニア合成のためのリチウム媒介窒素還元 (LiNR) にエーテルベースの溶媒の影響を体系的に調査する.
  • LiNRにおける導電性,寄生反応,製品の分布,およびファラダイク効率に対する溶媒の影響を評価する.
  • アモニア合成の性能を改善するための最適な溶媒を特定する.

主な方法:

  • 様々なエーテルベースの溶剤の LiNR の体系的なスクリーニング.
  • 電解質伝導性と電気化学性能の評価
  • 製品の分布と効率の分析
  • イオン溶解と固体電解質インターフェーズ形成の溶媒誘発変化の調査.

主要な成果:

  • ディメトキシエタンは,試験された溶剤の中で最も低い潜在損失を示した.
  • テトラヒドロフーランは,環境圧で58. 5 ± 6. 1%の高ファラダイム効率を達成しました.
  • 溶媒の選択はイオン溶解と固体電解質のインターフェーズ組成に大きく影響し,LiNRの性能に影響します.

結論:

  • 溶媒は,アンモニア合成のためのリチウム媒介の窒素減少の効率と性能において重要な役割を果たします.
  • エーテルベースの溶媒,特にテトラヒドロフーランは,電気化学的なアンモニアの生産を促進する見込みを示しています.
  • この研究は,LiNR技術を強化するために,電解質の最適化のための重要な洞察を提供します.