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Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
Meristems and Plant Growth02:36

Meristems and Plant Growth

Plants grow throughout their lives; this is called indeterminate growth, and it distinguishes plants from most animals. Although certain parts of plants stop growing (e.g., leaves and flowers), others grow continuously—like roots and stems.
Fruit Development, Structure, and Function01:58

Fruit Development, Structure, and Function

Fruits form from a mature flower ovary. As seeds develop from the ovules contained within, the ovary wall undergoes a series of complex changes to form fruit. In some fruits, such as soybeans, the ovary wall dries; in other fruits, such as grapes, it remains fleshy. In some cases, organs other than the ovary contribute to fruit formation; such fruits are called accessory fruits.
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Updated: May 8, 2026

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
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発達中の人間の皮質における規制要素の大幅な並列の特徴付け

Chengyu Deng1,2, Sean Whalen3, Marilyn Steyert4,5,6,7,8,9

  • 1Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 23, 2024
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

この研究では,ヒトの脳内の遺伝子調節要素をマッピングし,神経細胞の発達と病気に影響を与える何千もの活性増強剤と変異体を特定しました. 脳のオルガノイドは この研究のために 発達中の皮質を効果的にモデル化しています

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科学分野:

  • 遺伝学
  • 神経科学
  • 発達生物学

背景:

  • 遺伝子調節要素の核酸の変化は,神経細胞の発達と関連疾患に大きな影響を与えます.
  • これらの要素を理解することは 脳の機能と病理を 解読するのに不可欠です

研究 の 目的:

  • 発達中の人間の脳におけるシス調節要素とその変種を包括的にマッピングし,特徴づけること.
  • 人間の皮質の発達を研究するためのモデルとして脳器官の使用を検証する.

主な方法:

  • 大規模なパラレルレポーターアッセイは,原始的なヒト皮質細胞と脳オーガノイドで実施された.
  • 細胞型特異的および疾患関連配列を含む10万以上の開いた染色体の領域を分析した.
  • シーケンス決定因子とエンハンサー活動の規制因子を解読するためにディープラーニングモデルを使用した.

主要な成果:

  • 主細胞で46802の活性増強剤の配列を特定した.
  • 増強剤の活性を大きく変化させる 164の変種を発見した.
  • 脳のオーガノイドとプライマリ皮質細胞で比較可能な調節要素の活性を示した.

結論:

  • 発達中の人間の皮質を研究するための有効なモデルとして機能します.
  • この研究は,ヒトの神経細胞の発達に不可欠な機能的な遺伝子調節要素と変異の包括的なカタログを提供します.
  • この発見は脳の発達と 神経学的障害の 遺伝的基盤についての洞察を与えてくれます