広範囲にわたる馬による移動は紀元前2200年頃にユーラシアで発生しました

Pablo Librado^1,2, Gaetan Tressières³, Lorelei Chauvey³

¹Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France. pablo.librado@ibe.upf-csic.es.

Nature

|June 6, 2024

まとめ

古代の馬のゲノムは現代の家畜の馬の系統が紀元前2200年頃に現れたことを示していますこの発見は馬による移動や草原の移動に関する過去の予測に異議を唱えるものです

科学分野:

考古遺伝学
古代の DNA の分析
パレオゲノミクス

背景:

輸送として馬の家畜化と人間社会への統合の時間軸は議論されている.
馬の遺伝的歴史を理解することは人間の移住と技術的進歩を再構築するために不可欠です

研究の目的:

現代の家畜馬の遺伝的起源と広がりを調査する.
ユーラシア大陸で馬による移動が広範囲に広がる時期をより正確に予測する.

主な方法:

ユーラシアの475匹の古代馬のゲノム解析
比較型ゲノム分析により,家畜化におけるボトルネックや系統の置き換えを特定する.
放射性炭素年代測定と系統遺伝分析により時間の関係と進化の関係が確立される

主要な成果:

現代の家畜の馬は紀元前2200年ごろに誕生し近親交配と世代短縮が特徴でした
深刻な家畜化ボトルネックは,紀元前2700年より早く,ユーラシアの急速な拡大と地元の馬集団の置き換えに先立ちました.
紀元前3500年頃のボタイで馬の繁殖が短縮された証拠は,それ以前の異なる慣行を示唆している.

結論:

広範囲にわたる馬による移動は,紀元前2200年頃に発生し,以前の移住物語と矛盾しています.
遺伝データは,紀元前3000年以前のヨーロッパの草原の移動に伴う大きな馬群の仮説を否定している.
初期の馬飼育の慣習は,現代の支配的な馬の系統の出現以前から存在していました.

さらに関連する動画

11:09

Construction of a Realistic, Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Equine Skeletal Model using Computed Tomography Data

Published on: February 25, 2021

3.1K

10:28

Kinematics and Ground Reaction Force Determination: A Demonstration Quantifying Locomotor Abilities of Young Adult, Middle-aged, and Geriatric Rats

Published on: February 22, 2011

19.7K

関連する概念動画

00:53

Migration

7.9K

Migration is long-range, seasonal movement from one region or habitat to another. This common strategy, carried out by many different organisms around the world, is an adaptive response that typically corresponds to changes in an organism’s environment, like resource availability or climate. Migrations can involve huge groups of thousands of animals as well as single individuals traveling alone and can range from thousands of kilometers to just a few hundred meters.

7.9K

02:22

The Colonization of Land

34.3K

Changes in the environment of the early Earth drove the evolution of organisms. As prokaryotic organisms in the oceans began to photosynthesize, they produced oxygen. Eventually, oxygen saturated the oceans and entered the air, resulting in an increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, known as the oxygen revolution approximately 2.3 billion years ago. Therefore, organisms that could use oxygen for cellular respiration had an advantage. More than 1.5 years ago, eukaryotic cells and...

34.3K

02:35

What is Evolutionary History?

36.4K

Scientists record evolutionary history by analyzing fossil, morphological, and genetic data. The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth and provides evidence for evolution. However, both fossil and living organisms offer evidence that outlines Earth’s evolutionary history.

36.4K

01:24

Eukaryotic Evolution

33.5K

The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...

33.5K

02:56

The Fossil Record

25.1K

The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...

25.1K

01:43

The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles

4.4K

In eukaryotic cells, cytoskeletal filaments such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form a mesh-like cytoskeletal network. These filaments serve as tracks for transporting cellular cargo. Specialized motor proteins use the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for this transport. During interphase, microtubules are polarized, with the plus-end towards the cell periphery and the minus-end towards the cell center. Two microtubule-associated motor proteins,...