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防水性カチオン固定型共電性有機構造は,CO2からエチレンの選択的かつ安定した電気合成を可能にします.

  • 0School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
Journal of the American Chemical Society +

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2025年6月12日

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Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation 01:12

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Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.

Thermally-induced [2 + 2] cycloadditions are symmetry forbidden. This is because the ground state HOMO of one ethylene molecule and the LUMO of the other ethylene are out of phase, preventing a concerted suprafacial-suprafacial overlap.
Absorption...

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry 01:17

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The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
Extraction: Advanced Methods 00:56

432

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry 01:26

1.8K

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation

Ion Exchange 01:17

564

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration 02:34

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The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.

The reaction proceeds with the slow protonation of an alkene by a hydronium ion to form a carbocation, which is the rate-determining step.
The reaction involving a tertiary carbocation intermediate is faster than a reaction proceeding through a secondary or primary carbocation. This can be justified by comparing their...