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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Structure of Porins01:21

Structure of Porins

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Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and gram-negative bacteria have transmembrane, beta-barrel proteins called porins to mediate the free diffusion of ions and metabolites across the membrane. Mitochondrial porin precursors contain conserved amino acid sequences called beta signals at their C-terminal. Beta signals have a  motif of PoXGXXHyXHy (Po-Polar, X-Any amino acid, G-Glycine, Hy-LargeHydrophobic), which are crucial for precursor recognition to initiate precursor assembly. Beta-barrel...
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Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane01:12

Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane

3.3K
Porins are beta-barrel proteins translocated to the mitochondrial outer membrane through the TOM complex into the intermembrane space. Porin precursors bind TIM chaperones within the intermembrane space and are guided to the Sorting and Assembly Machinery complex or SAM complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Three models describe the assembly of porins by the SAM complex and their insertion into the outer membrane. Model 1 suggests that porins are assembled outside the SAM channel as the...
3.3K
Caspases01:24

Caspases

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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Cell Motility through Blebbing01:16

Cell Motility through Blebbing

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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
Blebbing Through the Matrix
In multicellular...
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関連する実験動画

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Examining BCL-2 Family Function with Large Unilamellar Vesicles
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Examining BCL-2 Family Function with Large Unilamellar Vesicles

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BAX 孔形成の構造的基礎

Ying Zhang1, Lu Tian1, Gaoxingyu Huang2,3,4

  • 1Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 26, 2025
PubMed
まとめ

タンパク質BAXはミトコンドリア膜を浸透させることでアポトーシスを引き起こすために様々な環状構造を形成します. BAXオリゴマーの組成を理解することで,細胞死におけるメカニズムが明らかになる.

さらに関連する動画

Reconstitution of Msp1 Extraction Activity with Fully Purified Components
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Reconstitution of Msp1 Extraction Activity with Fully Purified Components

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Lighting Up the Pathways to Caspase Activation Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation
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Lighting Up the Pathways to Caspase Activation Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation

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関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Examining BCL-2 Family Function with Large Unilamellar Vesicles
08:35

Examining BCL-2 Family Function with Large Unilamellar Vesicles

Published on: October 5, 2012

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Reconstitution of Msp1 Extraction Activity with Fully Purified Components
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Reconstitution of Msp1 Extraction Activity with Fully Purified Components

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Lighting Up the Pathways to Caspase Activation Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation
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科学分野:

  • 分子生物学
  • 細胞生物学
  • 構造生物学

背景:

  • BAXタンパク質は プログラムされた細胞死経路であるアポトーシスの開始に不可欠です
  • 細胞性BAXモノメアはミトコンドリアに転移し,外膜を浸透させ,細胞死を誘発する.

研究 の 目的:

  • BAX オリゴメリゼーションの構造的基礎とミトコンドリア外膜浸透性におけるその役割を解明する.
  • BAX オリゴマーの基本的繰り返し単位を特定する.

主な方法:

  • クリオ電子顕微鏡 (Cryo-EM) で 3. 2 アングストームの解像度.
  • BAX オリゴメリック形態の構造的特徴 (弧,線,リング)
  • BAXプロトメアの相互作用と変異の分析

主要な成果:

  • BAXダイマーのダイマーが 基本の繰り返しユニットとして識別される.
  • BAXの重複ユニットの構造的特徴と,その高次元のオリゴーマー (四角形,五角形,六角形,七角形) に組み立てられる.
  • BAXのプロトマー間のインターフェースの特定の変異は,毛穴形成とプロアポプトスの機能を損なう.

結論:

  • BAXオリゴマーの組立原理は,BAX媒介の膜浸透性を理解するための構造的基礎を提供します.
  • BAXのオリゴメリゼーションは,そのプロアポプトティックな活動を制御する重要なメカニズムです.