困難な診断プロセス:長期にわたる統合失調症を呈したレビー小体型認知症の一例

Aslam Iqbal1, Mohamed Alarayedh1, Tahir Iqbal1

  • 1Psychiatry, Lincolnshire Partnership National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Lincoln, GBR.

Cureus
|August 14, 2025
PubMed

レビー小体型認知症(LBD)は、広範な認知機能、睡眠、精神神経、運動、および自律神経症状を呈する進行性の神経変性疾患である。既に精神疾患、特に慢性統合失調症を患っている個人においてLBDを診断することは、臨床的特徴が重複しているため、大きな困難を伴う。本症例報告では、48年間にわたる妄想型統合失調症の既往がある78歳の女性の症例について述べる。この患者は直近の入院時に、行動および機能の新たな低下を示した。これには、興奮の増大、意味不明なつぶやき、視覚的幻覚、自傷行為、運動症状、および反応性の低下が含まれていた。時間の経過とともに、患者は次第に衰弱し、治療用量のハロペリドール投与に対して錐体外路症状の兆候を示した。こうした病状により、特に医療スタッフが運動症状の悪化、抗精神病薬への過敏症、および認知機能の変動を認めた際、定期的な包括的多職種チーム(MDT)による検討と再評価が行われた。主要な精神科的診断は5十年近く統合失調症であったが、臨床経過は、新たに出現した神経変性プロセスであるLBDを強く示唆していた。患者の状態により放射線学的根拠は得られなかったものの、新しく現れた症状はLBDの診断基準に一致していた。その後、生理的予備能の低下に基づき、患者は緩和ケア経路に沿って管理された。本症例は、長期にわたる精神疾患を持つ患者において、定期的な診断的再評価を行うことの重要性を強調している。注意深い検討がなければ、観察された新症状が過去の診断に起因するものと誤認される「診断的オーバーシャドウイング(diagnostic overshadowing)」のリスクがある。さらに、臨床医が初期診断に固執することで、「アンカリングバイアス(anchoring bias)」がこの問題をさらに悪化させる可能性がある。結果として、不適切な管理を避け、特に脆弱な患者に対して適切なケアプランを策定するためには、慢性的な精神病とLBDのような進行性の神経変性疾患を鑑別することが極めて重要である。

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