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ステキオメトリック・レドックス反応剤を用いた炭水化物由来プラットフォーム分子の付加価値

  • 0Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal Mangalore-575025 Karnataka India sdutta@nitk.edu.in.

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まとめ

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Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction 02:23

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Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...

Oxidation of Alcohols 02:37

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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:

(i) loss of one or more electrons,
(ii) loss of hydrogen,
(iii) addition of oxygen.

Oxidation is the opposite process of reduction, and hence, as carbonyls are reduced to alcohols, alcohols are oxidized to...

Redox Equilibria: Overview 01:23

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A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...

Redox Reactions 01:27

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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 01:26

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Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...

Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction 01:08

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As depicted in Figure 1, base-catalyzed aldol addition involves adding two carbonyl compounds in aqueous sodium hydroxide to form a β-hydroxy carbonyl compound.

Figure 1: The base-catalyzed aldol addition reaction of aldehydes.
The reaction preferentially occurs with simple aldehydes, where the α carbon is monosubstituted. The equilibrium of the reaction involving disubstituted aldehydes and ketones shifts backward to the reactants due to the steric interactions at the α carbon. The...