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関連する概念動画

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition01:24

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition

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A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
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Reason and Intuition01:37

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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

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Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
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Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

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The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can...
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When performing a hypothesis test, there are four possible outcomes depending on the actual truth (or falseness) of the null hypothesis and the decision to reject or not.
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Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

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The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
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Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice
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大人と子供の意思決定における確率の誤差

Dean A Marshall1, Elizabeth Meins2

  • 1School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.

Cognition
|September 1, 2025
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

大人は客観的・社会的な判断において 勝てる可能性によって影響を受けます 子供はこれらの誤謬を一貫性なく示し,相関関係はより古い年齢層にのみ現れ,ヒューリスティック思考の発達的シフトを示唆する.

キーワード:
組み合わせの誤謬意思決定判断確率エラー代表性について

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Last Updated: Sep 9, 2025

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科学分野:

  • 認知心理学
  • 発達心理学
  • 行動経済学

背景:

  • P ((AとB) > P ((A) の結合誤謬は,しばしば代表性ユーリスティックに起因する.
  • ヒューリスティック思考は学習され,文脈に依存し,その起源を理解するには発達的なアプローチが必要です.

研究 の 目的:

  • 客観的な確率と社会的判断の課題の両方で,結合の誤謬の発展軌道を調査する.
  • 異なる年齢層における客観的および社会的判断における結合誤謬の関係を調べる.
  • "声に出して考える"手順が誤謬を減らすのに与える影響を評価する.

主な方法:

  • 成人と子供 (4~11歳) を対象とした3つの研究では,チップ/ブロック分布と個々の記述に基づく社会的判断を用いて客観的な確率判断を評価した.
  • 参加者はシングルプレーヤーのシナリオと2人のシナリオの勝者を決定し,社会的特徴を評価しました.
  • 合理的な意思決定を促すための"大声で考える"プロトコルを使用しました.

主要な成果:

  • 大人の連動の誤謬は 勝つ確率に影響され 客観的判断と社会的判断が相関していました
  • 子供の客観的な確率の誤謬は年齢に依存せず,確率操作の影響を受けなかった.
  • 10歳から11歳の子供には 客観的なタスクと社会的タスクが相関していましたが 幼い子供にはそうではありませんでした
  • "声に出して考える"という手順は 社会的判断の誤差を減少させましたが 客観的な判断の誤差は減少させませんでした

結論:

  • 客観的および社会的領域における大人の連動的誤謬は,状況的要因と関連し,影響を受けます.
  • 結合錯誤の表れと相関に発達上の違いがある.
  • 客観的判断と社会的判断の誤りを裏付ける認知プロセスは,部分的に区別され,時間とともに発展する可能性があります.