,

Chutian Shu1, Xiaoping Long2, Stephen F Foley3

  • 1School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Continental Evolution and Early Life, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; Earth Dynamics Research Group, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia; Earth Evolution and Dynamics Research Center, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China.

Science bulletin
|September 2, 2025
PubMed
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Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance.
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Fluid Pressure over Flat Plate of Variable Width01:02

Fluid Pressure over Flat Plate of Variable Width

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Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses01:20

Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses

As discussed in previous lessons, strain energy in a material is the energy stored when it is elastically deformed, a concept crucial in materials science and mechanical engineering. This energy results from the internal work done against the cohesive forces within the material. When a material undergoes shearing stress and corresponding shearing strain, the strain energy density, which is the energy stored per unit volume, is calculated. Within the elastic limit, where the stress is...
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