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関連する概念動画

Point and Frameshift Mutations01:30

Point and Frameshift Mutations

78
Point mutations are genetic alterations involving the change of a single nucleotide base pair in DNA. Depending on how the alteration affects protein synthesis, they can lead to various consequences.Point mutations fall into the following types:Silent mutations occur when a nucleotide change does not alter the amino acid sequence due to the redundancy of the genetic code. For instance, changing ACC to ACA still encodes threonine, leaving the protein function unaffected. This occurs because...
78
Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

140
Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
140
In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

14.2K
To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
14.2K
Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

59.4K
In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
59.4K
Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

5.2K
Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
5.2K
Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

Mutations in Microorganisms

74
Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
74

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli
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Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

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MutagenesisForge: コドンレベルの変異バイアスのモデリングとdN/dSの計算のためのフレームワーク

Cooper Koers, Rob Bierman, Huixin Xu

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology
    |September 5, 2025
    PubMed
    まとめ

    MutagenesisForgeは,非同義 (dN) と同義 (dS) の置換比を計算するためにコドン変異をシミュレートします. このツールは,タンパク質をコードする遺伝子の分子進化に関する仮説をテストするための柔軟なプラットフォームを提供することによって,進化論的分析を助けます.

    科学分野:

    • 分子 進化
    • コンピュータ生物学
    • バイオ情報学

    背景:

    • 非同義語対同義語置換比 (dN/dS) は,分子進化とタンパク質の分岐を形作る力を理解するために重要である.
    • 配列の文脈と置換モデルの選択により,dN/dS比の解釈は複雑である可能性があります.

    研究 の 目的:

    • コドンレベルの突然変異をシミュレートし,dN/dS比を計算するための新しいツールであるMutagenesisForgeを導入する.
    • 進化論的仮説を検証し,dN/dSのゼロ分布を生成するための柔軟なプラットフォームを提供する.

    主な方法:

    • MutagenesisForgeは,モジュール化されたコマンドラインツールとPythonパッケージです.
    • 特定の置換行列をサポートするMutationModelインターフェースを備えています.
    • dN/dS計算のための完全シミュレーションモードとコンテキストシミュレーションモードの両方を提供します.

    主要な成果:

    • ユーザが定義する条件下でコドンレベルの変異をシミュレートできます.
    • 様々な進化モデルにおける dN/dS比の一貫した計算を容易にする.
    • タンパク質をコードする遺伝子の変異過程を分析するための柔軟な枠組みを提供します.

    さらに関連する動画

    Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms
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    Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis
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    Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis

    Published on: July 26, 2018

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    関連する実験動画

    Last Updated: Sep 9, 2025

    Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli
    09:01

    Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

    Published on: March 16, 2011

    30.7K
    Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms
    08:46

    Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

    Published on: December 9, 2015

    10.7K
    Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis
    09:04

    Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis

    Published on: July 26, 2018

    7.9K

    結論:

    • ミュタゲネシスフォージは タンパク質をコードする遺伝子の 進化的分析のための 強力な解決策を提供します
    • ユーザが指定したシミュレーション条件を許容することによって,dN/dS解釈の課題に対処します.
    • このツールは,大規模シーケンシングデータ時代の変異過程の仮説テストをサポートします.