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咽頭痛の状況における介入前後の経験的治療と確率推定:シナリオベースの調査研究
Shoham Baruch1, Maya Diamant1,2, Yoav Ganzach2
1Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Haim Levanon Street, Tel Aviv, 6139001, Israel.
BMC infectious diseases
|December 13, 2025
まとめ
診断の不確実性がある場合、医師は細菌感染症を過大評価し、抗生物質を過剰処方する傾向があります。機械学習ベースのコンピュータ支援診断システム(ML-CDSS)は、診断精度を向上させ、不要な抗生物質処方を削減することで、これらの問題の軽減に役立ちます。
科学分野:
- 医療情報学
- 感染症
- 臨床意思決定支援
背景:
- 薬剤耐性は、患者ケアと公衆衛生のバランスを取る上で重大な課題となっています。
- 機械学習ベースのコンピュータ支援診断システム(ML-CDSS)は、医師の抗生物質処方を支援する新しいツールとして登場しています。
- 一般的な細菌感染症対ウイルス性感染症のシナリオにおける医師の意思決定を評価する必要があります。
研究 の 目的:
- 一般的なシナリオを使用して、細菌感染症とウイルス性感染症の診断における医師の意思決定を評価すること。
- 仮説上のML-CDSSが医師の診断および治療の決定に与える影響を評価すること。
- 臨床的な不確実性が抗生物質の処方行動にどのように影響するかを理解すること。
主な方法:
- 211人の医師(主に小児科医)を対象に、オンラインのシナリオベースの調査を実施しました。
- 参加者は、McIsaacスコアに基づいて4つの咽頭痛シナリオを評価し、細菌感染症の確率と治療戦略を推定しました。
- これらの評価は、細菌感染症の確率出力を提供する仮想ML-CDSS介入の前後に実施されました。
主要な成果:
- 医師は一貫して細菌感染症の確率を過大評価し、すべてのシナリオで経験的抗生物質を過剰処方していました。
- ML-CDSS介入は確率推定に有意な影響を与え、最大14パーセントポイント減少させました。
- ML-CDSS介入は、抗生物質処方のオッズを0.42の係数で低下させました。
結論:
- 細菌感染症の過大評価とそれに続く抗生物質の過剰処方は、特に不確実な臨床状況において蔓延しています。
- ML-CDSS介入は、シミュレーション環境でこれらの処方傾向を軽減する能力を示しました。
- 調査結果は、臨床的検証と政策上の考慮事項を前提として、一次医療へのML-CDSSの開発と統合を支持しています。
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