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Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

215.7K
Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
215.7K
Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

1.2K
Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting...
1.2K
Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

1.1K
The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
1.1K
Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

1.6K
Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
1.6K
Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport01:23

Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport

1.5K
Drugs need to permeate cell membranes to reach their target sites after administration. Orally administered drugs must transcend intestinal epithelial membrane barriers to infiltrate the systemic circulation. Drugs with a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons diffuse through gaps between neighboring cells, called paracellular pathways.
However, most drugs use the transcellular route, traversing directly through the cell membranes via two mechanisms: passive and active transport. Passive...
1.5K
Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

738
Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
738

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Speciation and Bioavailability Measurements of Environmental Plutonium Using Diffusion in Thin Films
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Speciation and Bioavailability Measurements of Environmental Plutonium Using Diffusion in Thin Films

Published on: November 9, 2015

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原子拡散経路を介したサブサーフェスエンジニアリング

Xiaolin Tai1, Yanan Zhou2, Shilong Xu3

  • 1Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.

Nature communications
|December 13, 2025
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

原子拡散経路の工学的制御により、プラチナ触媒のサブサーフェス原子層の精密制御が達成された。このサブサーフェスエンジニアリングは、燃料電池の触媒活性と耐久性を向上させる。

キーワード:
サブサーフェスエンジニアリングプラチナ触媒原子拡散燃料電池不均一系触媒

さらに関連する動画

Dissolved Solute Sampling Across an Oxic-Anoxic Soil-Water Interface Using Microdialysis Profilers
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Dissolved Solute Sampling Across an Oxic-Anoxic Soil-Water Interface Using Microdialysis Profilers

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A Method for Determination and Simulation of Permeability and Diffusion in a 3D Tissue Model in a Membrane Insert System for Multi-well Plates
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A Method for Determination and Simulation of Permeability and Diffusion in a 3D Tissue Model in a Membrane Insert System for Multi-well Plates

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関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Speciation and Bioavailability Measurements of Environmental Plutonium Using Diffusion in Thin Films
12:22

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Dissolved Solute Sampling Across an Oxic-Anoxic Soil-Water Interface Using Microdialysis Profilers
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Dissolved Solute Sampling Across an Oxic-Anoxic Soil-Water Interface Using Microdialysis Profilers

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A Method for Determination and Simulation of Permeability and Diffusion in a 3D Tissue Model in a Membrane Insert System for Multi-well Plates
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A Method for Determination and Simulation of Permeability and Diffusion in a 3D Tissue Model in a Membrane Insert System for Multi-well Plates

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科学分野:

  • 材料科学
  • 触媒科学
  • 表面科学

背景:

  • サブサーフェス原子配置は、表面反応を制御することにより、触媒性能に決定的な影響を与える。
  • 複雑な金属-吸着種相互作用と限られたアクセス可能性のために、サブサーフェス構造の精密制御は困難である。

研究 の 目的:

  • 白金系金属間化合物のサブサーフェス原子層の精密制御を達成すること。
  • サブサーフェス活性部位を理解することにより、触媒設計のための合理的な戦略を開発すること。

主な方法:

  • 標的ヘテロ金属原子配置のための原子拡散経路のin-situ構築。
  • 原子精度サブサーフェスエンジニアリングによるL1₀-PtFe@PtMsub構造の作成。
  • 表面エネルギー最小化と吸着種誘起分離によって支配される熱力学誘起原子再配列。

主要な成果:

  • 制御されたサブサーフェス原子配置を持つL1₀-PtFe@PtMsub (Msub = Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag)を合成した。
  • L1₀-PtFe@PtPdsubは、Ptスキン効果の限界を克服し、リガンド効果とひずみ効果の同時安定化を示した。
  • この触媒は、プロトン交換膜燃料電池において高い活性と耐久性を示した。

結論:

  • 原子精度サブサーフェスエンジニアリングは、先進的な触媒を設計するための合理的な戦略を提供する。
  • 不均一系触媒の最適化には、サブサーフェス活性部位の理解と制御が不可欠である。
  • 開発されたL1₀-PtFe@PtPdsub/C触媒は、燃料電池における有望な実用性を示す。