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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Rapid Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: Use of a Portable rRT-PCR and Freeze-dried Reagents in the Field

Rapid Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: Use of a Portable rRT-PCR and Freeze-dried Reagents in the Field

Published on: August 2, 2011

渡り性鳴禽類は潜在的な外生動物寄生性原生生物の分散媒介者となりうるか

Silas E Fischer¹, Joy J Jackson^1,2, Elise C Hoffman¹

¹Department of Environmental Sciences The University of Toledo Toledo Ohio USA.

Ecology and evolution

|December 17, 2025

Abstract:

Protist biogeography, speciation, and systematics continue to generate debate and inquiry because protist distributions and dispersal remain poorly resolved. Identifying potential vectors and basibionts for epibiont protists would contribute to our limited understanding of their ecology. Migratory animals seasonally link disparate landscapes, incidentally transporting other organisms in the process. Waterbirds are known microbe dispersers, but evidence for other avian groups is limited-such as taxa that often migrate longer distances. We asked whether terrestrial songbirds (Passeriformes) host diatoms (Bacillariophyta) by sampling tail plumage of four thrush species (Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus, Swainson's Thrush C. ustulatus, Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina, American Robin Turdus migratorius) spanning multiple migration strategies. Unexpectedly, we found diatoms in all seven samples (n = 4 tail snips, n = 3 tail swabs), yielding 224 individuals of 25 genera and 9 orders: primarily benthic, freshwater, raphe-bearing genera (e.g., Encyonopsis, Navicula, Nitzschia). Several diatoms contained chloroplasts prior to digestion and slide mounting, consistent with potential viability. These natural history observations suggest that songbirds are overlooked carriers of hitchhiking diatoms, implying an undescribed but potentially important avian-algal relationship.

キーワード:

鳥類媒介分散外生動物寄生付着性珪藻長距離分散移動生態学共生

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