非平衡系における逆熱力学的不確定性関係(iTUR)とエントロピー生成
Van Tuan Vo1, Andreas Dechant1, Keiji Saito1
1Kyoto University, Department of Physics, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
Physical review letters
|December 19, 2025
まとめ
本研究では、非平衡電流ゆらぎの上限を設定する逆熱力学的不確定性関係(iTUR)を導入する。iTURは、有限のエントロピー生成とスペクトルギャップを持つ系において、永久的な超拡散を禁止する。
科学分野:
- 非平衡物理学
- 統計力学
- 複雑系
背景:
- 非平衡系の電流ゆらぎは物理学の中心である。
- 熱力学的不確定性関係(TUR)は、エントロピー生成と平均電流を用いてゆらぎに上限を設ける。
- 既存の上限は、主にゆらぎの下限に焦点を当てている。
研究 の 目的:
- 逆熱力学的不確定性関係(iTUR)と呼ばれる電流ゆらぎの上限を導出し、分析する。
- 連続系および離散系の両方に適用可能な普遍的なiTUR式を確立する。
- 永久的な超拡散や巨大拡散などの現象に対するiTURの含意を調査する。
主な方法:
- 連続変数系(過減衰ランジュバン方程式)に対する普遍的なiTUR式の導出。
- 離散変数系(マルコフジャンプ過程)に対する普遍的なiTUR式の導出。
- スペクトルギャップの閉鎖とエントロピー生成に関連する、電流ゆらぎが発散しうる条件の分析。
主要な成果:
- 普遍的な逆熱力学的不確定性関係(iTUR)を導出する。
- iTURは、有限のエントロピー生成とスペクトルギャップを持つ系に対する永久的な超拡散を禁止する定理を確立する。
- 電流ゆらぎの発散には、スペクトルギャップの消失またはエントロピー生成の発散が必要である。
結論:
- iTURは、非平衡系におけるゆらぎに対する重要な上限を提供する。
- 本研究の結果は、ゆらぎの挙動を決定する上で、スペクトルギャップとエントロピー生成の間の相互作用を強調する。
- iTURの枠組みは、巨大拡散や異常輸送の限界などの現象に対する洞察を提供する。
さらに関連する動画
09:18Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
Published on: December 14, 2017
10.9K
10:22Split Point Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification of Thermal-Optical Organic/Elemental Carbon Measurements
Published on: September 7, 2019
8.7K
関連する概念動画
Entropy
3.4K
The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
3.4K
Entropy
34.7K
Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
34.7K
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
4.7K
The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
The relation between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
4.7K
Second Law of Thermodynamics
26.5K
In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
26.5K
Second Law of Thermodynamics
67.0K
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy, or the amount of disorder in a system, increases each time energy is transferred or transformed. Each energy transfer results in a certain amount of energy that is lost—usually in the form of heat—that increases the disorder of the surroundings. This can also be demonstrated in a classic food web. Herbivores harvest chemical energy from plants and release heat and carbon dioxide into the environment. Carnivores harvest the...
67.0K
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
6.6K
In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Scientists refer to the measure of randomness or disorder within a system as entropy. High entropy means high disorder and low energy. To better understand entropy, think of a student’s bedroom. If no energy or work were put into it, the room would quickly become messy. It would exist in a very disordered state, one of high entropy. Energy must be...
6.6K
