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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

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The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
524
Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis01:23

Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis

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Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, significantly affects the function of exocrine glands. This genetically inherited disease is characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus, which can severely affect various organs and systems in the body.
CF is primarily caused by a genetic mutation in a chromosome 7 gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The most common gene mutation leading to CF is the ΔF508 mutation,...
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Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

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The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
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Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
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Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
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基礎科学と病態生理

Brian Spencer1, Aaron Schueler2, Daniel Sung2

  • 1Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, San Diego, CA, USA.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
まとめ

3Rおよび4Rタウアイソフォームの両方を発現する新たなアルツハイマー病（AD）マウスモデルは、タウ病理と認知機能障害の加速を示します。このモデルはヒトタウオパチーをより良く反映し、AD研究における治療標的の検証を改善します。

キーワード:
アルツハイマー病タウオパチーマウスモデル神経変性病態生理

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科学分野:

  • Neuroscience; Pathology; Genetics

背景:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a tauopathy defined by amyloid-beta (Aß) and tau protein accumulation.
  • Tau protein exists in 3-repeat (3R) and 4-repeat (4R) isoforms, present in equimolar ratios in AD.
  • Current research predominantly uses models focusing on 4R tau, neglecting 3R tau's role.

研究 の 目的:

  • To develop a more comprehensive mouse model of AD tauopathy.
  • To investigate the impact of co-expressed 3R and 4R tau on neuropathology and neurodegeneration.
  • To understand tau isoform-specific contributions to AD pathogenesis.

主な方法:

  • Generation of a bigenic transgenic mouse line expressing both 3R tau and 4R tau (3R/4Rtau).
  • Assessment of tau and phosphorylated tau levels in the hippocampus and cortex.
  • Evaluation of astrogliosis, microglial activation, and behavioral changes.

主要な成果:

  • 3R/4Rtau bigenic mice exhibited elevated tau and phosphorylated tau (including AD-relevant pTau181, pTau396/404) by 3 months.
  • Increased astrogliosis and microglial activation were observed in bigenic mice.
  • Significant deficits in spatial learning, memory, and nest building were noted in 3R/4Rtau mice compared to single-transgenic controls.

結論:

  • The 3R/4Rtau bigenic mouse model accurately recapitulates human tauopathy patterns, severity, and behavioral changes seen in AD.
  • This model provides a more complete representation of tauopathy than single-isoform models.
  • It is recommended for validating therapeutic targets and investigating novel therapies for tauopathies.