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Updated: May 3, 2026

Extraction and Analysis of Taiwanese Green Propolis

Extraction and Analysis of Taiwanese Green Propolis

Published on: January 7, 2019

プロポリスとクロルヘキシジンとの相乗ナノ製剤によるアカントアメーバに対する効果：封入効率、放出速度論、および安全性評価

Nivetha Marimuthu¹, Siriphorn Chimplee², Shanmuga Sundar Saravanabhavan¹

¹Department of Biotechnology, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (DU), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

|December 24, 2025

要旨

Background:

Acanthamoeba spp. are opportunistic protozoa that produce highly resistant cysts, complicating the treatment of ocular infections.

Methods:

We assessed the anti-Acanthamoeba activity and cytotoxicity of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with propolis extracts from three stingless bee species, individually or combined with chlorhexidine (CHX). Encapsulation efficiency (EE), drug release kinetics, pH sensitivity, and anti-Acanthamoeba activity against trophozoite and cyst stages of four Acanthamoeba strains were evaluated. Additionally, cytotoxicity against Vero cells was examined.

Results:

The formulations demonstrated excellent EE (81-92%), with the combinations of Propolis 2, Propolis 3, and chlorhexidine achieving maximum drug entrapment and sustained release (>80%). It also exhibited the most effective cysticidal activity (minimal inhibitory cystic concentration (MICC) 1.25%) against A. polyphaga and the lowest toxicity (Minimal Cytotoxicity Concentration 2.5%) toward normal mammalian cells. Drug release conformed to non-Fickian (Case II) diffusion behavior and was enhanced in acidic pH conditions, which are relevant to disease. Scanning electron microscopy revealed morphological damage to the cyst walls.

Conclusion:

These results highlight that propolis-CHX-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) show promise as a targeted, biocompatible therapy against drug-resistant Acanthamoeba cysts.

キーワード:

Acanthamoeba spp 薬物開発ナノ粒子天然物プロポリス

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