スレーターおよびガウス基底セットにおける電子核カスパの表現
Conrad C Moore1, Viktor N Staroverov1
1Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
The Journal of chemical physics
|December 24, 2025
まとめ
この研究は、正確な密度を記述するのと同じ方程式が、STOおよびGTO軌道の有効原子番号の概念を正当化する近似波動関数にも適用されることを示しています。
科学分野:
- 量子化学
- 計算化学
背景:
- 正確な電子密度のクーロンカスパは、原子核電荷(Z)および異方性ベクトルを含む2パラメータ方程式によって記述されます。
- 原子核位置での正確な運動エネルギー密度のジャンプ不連続性は、同様の3パラメータ方程式によって記述されます。
研究 の 目的:
- 正確な電子および運動エネルギー密度を記述するこれらの式が、近似波動関数にも適用されるかどうかを調査すること。
- これらの概念がスレーター軌道(STO)およびガウス軌道(GTO)に適用可能かどうかを判断すること。
主な方法:
- STOおよびGTO基底セットから導出された電子および運動エネルギー密度の分析。
- 近似波動関数から得られたカスパ形状パラメータと正確な解のパラメータとの比較。
主要な成果:
- 正確な密度を記述するのと同じ方程式が、基底セット依存のパラメータを使用して、STOおよびGTO波動関数からの近似密度も記述します。
- ガウス軌道(GTO)では有効原子番号(Z)の値はゼロですが、STOおよびGTOからのカスパ形状パラメータは比較可能であり、共通の極限に収束します。
- これらの発見は、有効原子番号および密度異方性の概念を近似波動関数に拡張するための厳密な正当化を提供します。
結論:
- 有効原子番号および密度異方性の概念は、STOおよびGTO基底セットの近似波動関数に厳密に拡張できます。
- これらの拡張は正確な解の固有の特性ではなく、すべての基底セットに普遍的に適用できるとは限りません。
関連する概念動画
Atomic Orbitals
42.6K
An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
42.6K
Electron Configurations
25.0K
Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Aufbau principle (each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest energy available), Pauli exclusion principle (no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers), and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity (whenever possible, electrons retain unpaired spins in degenerate orbitals).
The relative energies of the subshells determine the order in which atomic orbitals are filled (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p,...
The relative energies of the subshells determine the order in which atomic orbitals are filled (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p,...
25.0K
Electron Orbital Model
71.5K
Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...
71.5K
The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule
71.8K
To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the...
71.8K
Electronic Structure of Atoms
27.7K
An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the nucleus. Taking into account the wave–particle duality of electrons and the uncertainty in position around the nucleus, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate model for the atomic structure. It describes atomic orbitals as the regions around the nucleus where electrons of discrete energy exist, characterized by four quantum...
27.7K
VSEPR Theory
13.7K
Valence shell electron-pair repulsion theory (VSEPR theory) enables us to predict the molecular structure around a central atom from an examination of the number of bonds and lone electron pairs in its Lewis structure. The VSEPR model assumes that electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between these electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The electrons in the valence shell of a central atom form either bonding...
13.7K


