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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Measuring Carbon Content in Airway Macrophages Exposed to Carbon-Containing Particulate Matters

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Published on: July 12, 2024

COVID-19死亡率と社会経済的地位、大気質、住宅密度との相関

Elif Reyhan Şahin¹, Ömür Güngör², Ahmet Uğur Demir³

¹Clinic of Occupational Medicine, Erzurum City Hospital, Erzurum, Türkiye.

Thoracic research and practice

|December 25, 2025

要旨

Objective:

Studies have reported associations between coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) mortality and socioeconomic status (SES) and air pollution, but few have investigated the association with housing density. This ecological study aims to demonstrate the relationship between the COVID-19 mortality rate and these variables in the districts of Ankara.

Material And Methods:

COVID-19 mortality rate calculations were based on data from the Ankara Metropolitan Municipality Cemetery Directorate. Air pollution data for the five years preceding the COVID-19 pandemic were obtained from the North Anatolia Clean Air Regional Directorate. The SES values for each district were divided into five categories. Housing density was calculated by dividing the number of households by the area of the district in square kilometers.

Results:

Levels of NO_X, O₃, PM_2.5, and NO (r = 0.78, 0.84, 0.74, and 0.80, respectively) and district-level SES (r = 0.43) were found to be moderately correlated with COVID-19-related deaths. COVID-19-related deaths were positively correlated with housing density (r = 0.68, P = 0.001).

Conclusion:

These variables interact closely and are correlated with COVID-19 mortality across districts of Ankara.

キーワード:

大気汚染 COVID-19死亡率環境曝露住宅密度社会経済的地位

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