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関連する概念動画

Electromagnetic Fields01:30

Electromagnetic Fields

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Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by time-varying magnetic fields. While the former is a conservative field, implying that no net work is done on a test charge if it goes around in a complete loop in the field, the latter is, by definition, not a conservative field; net work is done, and it is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
However, the observation of...
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Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves01:22

Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves

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Anyone who has used a microwave oven knows there is energy in electromagnetic waves. Sometimes, this energy is obvious, such as in the summer sun's warmth. At other times, it is subtle, such as the unfelt energy of gamma rays, which can destroy living cells. Electromagnetic waves bring energy into a system through their electric and magnetic fields. These fields can exert forces and move charges in the system and, thus, do work on them. However, there is energy in an electromagnetic wave,...
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Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

Short-distance Transport of Resources

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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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Calculation of Electric Flux01:25

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Consider the electric field of an oppositely charged, parallel-plate system and an imaginary box between those plates. Let the bottom face of the box be ABCD, and the top face be FGHK. The electric field between the plates is uniform and points from the positive plate toward the negative plate. The calculation of this field's flux through the box's various faces shows that the net flux through the box is zero. Why does the flux cancel out here?
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Energy Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line01:27

Energy Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line

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Based on Bernoulli's equation, the energy line (EL) and hydraulic grade line (HGL) provide graphical representations of energy distribution in a fluid flow system. For steady, incompressible, inviscid flows, Bernoulli's equation is expressed as:
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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems PEMS for the Real-driving Emissions RDE Regulation in Europe
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ネットゼロ排出の未来における輸送：EMF-37モデル比較研究からの洞察

Christopher Hoehne1, Matteo Muratori1,2, John Bistline3

  • 1National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA.

Energy and climate change
|January 8, 2026
PubMed
まとめ

ネットゼロ排出の達成には、米国の輸送部門における大幅な変革が必要である。電気自動車（EV）のような技術代替が鍵であり、バイオ燃料や水素のような重輸送のための多様なソリューションが存在する。

キーワード:
ネットゼロ排出輸送部門技術代替電気自動車重輸送バイオ燃料水素

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Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System FFS for the Quantification of Methane Emissions
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科学分野:

  • 環境科学
  • 気候変動緩和
  • 輸送システム分析

背景:

  • 輸送は米国の二酸化炭素（CO2）排出の最大の発生源であり、総排出量の約3分の1を占めている。
  • 半ばまでに実質ゼロ排出を達成するには、旅客輸送と貨物輸送の両方で大幅な削減が必要である。

研究 の 目的:

  • 2050年までに経済全体でCO2排出量を実質ゼロにすることを目指したシナリオにおける輸送部門の役割を探求すること。
  • 米国の輸送の脱炭素化のための主要な戦略と技術を特定すること。

主な方法:

  • 実質ゼロ排出シナリオを分析するために、モデル比較研究を利用した。
  • 需要側の削減、技術代替、モードシフトの潜在的な貢献を評価した。

主要な成果:

  • 米国の輸送部門は、主に技術代替を通じて、需要側の排出削減において重要な役割を果たすと予測されている。
  • 乗用車は、電気自動車（EV）への移行が大部分を占めると予想される。
  • 重輸送モードの脱炭素化は、液体バイオ燃料や水素の使用増加を含む多様なソリューションを示している。

結論:

  • 特に乗用車の電化による技術代替は、米国の輸送の脱炭素化の主要な推進力である。
  • バイオ燃料、重輸送のための水素、および脱炭素化を支援する行動変容に関するさらなる研究が必要である。
  • 輸送排出量への対処は、国家的な実質ゼロ目標の達成に不可欠であるが、クリーン燃料と電力需要のための慎重な計画が必要である。