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関連する概念動画

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction01:24

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

1.3K
Generalization, discrimination, and extinction are key concepts in operant conditioning that influence how behaviors are learned and maintained.
Generalization occurs when a behavior reinforced in one context is performed in similar situations. For instance, a student who studies diligently for calculus and receives excellent grades might apply the same study habits to psychology and history, expecting similar results. Generalization shows how learning in one setting can influence behavior in...
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Principles of Classical Conditioning01:23

Principles of Classical Conditioning

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Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov, is a foundational concept in associative learning, where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response through association with an unconditioned stimulus. The process of acquisition, where this learning occurs, and the subsequent phenomena of contiguity, contingency, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of classical conditioning.
During the...
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Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

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Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
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Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

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Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...
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Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

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Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
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Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
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Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
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消去記憶：学習を文脈に落とし込む

Nikolai Axmacher1, Daniel Pacheco-Estefan2, Antoine Bouyeure3

  • 1Center for Studies of Psychological Application and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany.

Trends in cognitive sciences
|January 9, 2026
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

恐怖記憶は一般化するが、消去学習は文脈特異的である。消去文脈の神経パターンは異なり、エピソード記憶のように機能することを示唆しており、記憶システムの分類に影響を与える。

キーワード:
文脈エピソード記憶消去学習恐怖条件付け記憶システム表現類似性解析

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関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Jan 13, 2026

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11:17

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Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic β-Blocker
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科学分野:

  • 神経科学
  • 認知心理学
  • 記憶研究

背景:

  • 恐怖記憶は通常、類似した文脈間で一般化する。
  • 恐怖を軽減するプロセスである消去学習は、文脈依存性が高いことが知られている。
  • 記憶における文脈依存性の神経基盤を理解することは、治療介入にとって重要である。

研究 の 目的:

  • 恐怖獲得と消去の文脈における神経表現を調査すること。
  • 消去文脈が獲得文脈とは別に表現されるかどうかを判断すること。
  • これらの発見が記憶システムの分類に与える影響を探求すること。

主な方法:

  • 神経データに対する表現類似性解析（RSA）を利用した。
  • 恐怖獲得および消去学習段階中の文脈の神経表現を比較した。
  • 異なる文脈に関連する神経パターンの識別性を分析した。

主要な成果:

  • 恐怖消去文脈の神経表現は、恐怖獲得文脈の神経表現よりも有意に異なると判断された。
  • この増加した識別性は、消去文脈のユニークなエンコーディングプロセスを示唆している。
  • これらの発見は、エピソード記憶表現の特徴と一致する。

結論:

  • 消去学習の文脈依存性は、異なる神経表現に反映されている。
  • これらの表現はエピソード記憶と類似性を共有しており、既存の記憶システム分類に疑問を投げかけている。
  • これらの発見を記憶理論に完全に統合するためには、さらなる研究が必要である。