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Isotopes01:12

Isotopes

63.3K
Elements have a set number of protons that determines their atomic number (Z). For example, all atoms with eight protons are oxygen; however, the number of neutrons can vary for atoms of the same element. The sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called isotopes. Elements can have multiple isotopes, for example, carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14.
An element's atomic mass, or weight,...
63.3K
Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes02:31

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

125.2K
A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is used to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
Some symbols are derived from the common English name of the element; others are abbreviations of the name in another language — Latin, Greek or German. For example, the symbol for aluminum (common name)...
125.2K
Isotopes and Radioisotopes01:28

Isotopes and Radioisotopes

11.1K
In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
An isotope containing...
11.1K
Mass Spectrometry: Isotope Effect01:13

Mass Spectrometry: Isotope Effect

3.9K
Most elements exist in nature as a mixture of isotopes. The isotopes differ in weight due to their respective number of neutrons. The molecular weight of a molecule is different depending on the specific isotope of its elements involved. As a result, the mass spectrum of the molecule exhibits peaks from the same fragment at multiple positions. The positions of these mass signals depend on the mass differences between isotopes. Furthermore, the intensity of these signals is dependent on the...
3.9K
Body Temperature01:07

Body Temperature

1.4K
Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
The average body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F) and typically ranges from 36.1–37.2°C...
1.4K
Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

4.1K
The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
4.1K

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

The Use of Drip Flow and Rotating Disk Reactors for Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Analysis
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The Use of Drip Flow and Rotating Disk Reactors for Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Analysis

Published on: December 27, 2010

17.7K

鍾乳石滴水杯を用いた塊状同位体温度再構築

Stuart Umbo1,2, Maria Box1, Aviva Intveld3

  • 1School of Geography and Natural Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK.

Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM
|January 20, 2026
PubMed
まとめ

鍾乳石の滴水杯は、軽微な速度論的影響にもかかわらず、正確な古温度再構築のための有望な方法を提供する。このアプローチは、洞窟堆積物における塊状同位体温度測定法を用いた過去の気候の理解を深める。

キーワード:
炭酸塩塊状同位体滴水杯同位体平衡古気候鍾乳石温度再構築

さらに関連する動画

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS
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Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

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High Precision Zinc Isotopic Measurements Applied to Mouse Organs
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High Precision Zinc Isotopic Measurements Applied to Mouse Organs

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The Use of Drip Flow and Rotating Disk Reactors for Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Analysis
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The Use of Drip Flow and Rotating Disk Reactors for Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Analysis

Published on: December 27, 2010

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Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS
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Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

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High Precision Zinc Isotopic Measurements Applied to Mouse Organs
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High Precision Zinc Isotopic Measurements Applied to Mouse Organs

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科学分野:

  • 地球化学;古気候学;同位体地球化学

背景:

  • 鍾乳石における塊状同位体温度測定法は、空中形成中の速度論的画分作用によって制限され、不正確な温度推定につながります。 鍾乳石は、正確な年代測定と過去の気候を理解するための貴重な陸上アーカイブです。 鍾乳石の滴水杯は水没環境を作り出し、速度論的影響を緩和する可能性があります。

研究 の 目的:

  • 塊状同位体分析を用いた古温度再構築における鍾乳石滴水杯の信頼性を評価すること。 水没環境と空中環境における速度論的画分作用の影響を調査すること。 鍾乳石サンプルにおける速度論的影響をテストする方法を開発すること。

主な方法:

  • 滴水杯の中心からの距離が異なる層のサンプリング（鍾乳石MAYA 22-7、年代測定は1650 CE±23年）。 安定同位体（δ18O、δ13C）と塊状同位体（Δ47）の測定。 水没した滴水杯ゾーンと空中側面との間の同位体値の比較。

主要な成果:

  • 水没した滴水杯ゾーンでは、δ18Oとδ13Cが低く、Δ47の値が高く、速度論的画分作用が減少したことを示唆しています。 塊状同位体温度（TΔ47）は、水没したサンプルでは現代の洞窟温度よりも1℃〜2℃高くなりました。 推定された古温度は、地域の推定値よりも3℃〜7℃暖かく、持続的な速度論的影響を示唆しています。

結論:

  • 水没した滴水杯サンプルは、沈殿に近い平衡状態にあるため、空中サンプルよりも正確な古温度推定値を提供します。 鍾乳石滴水杯は、信頼性の高い古温度再構築の可能性を示しています。 鍾乳石滴水杯における塊状同位体速度論的影響の広く適用可能なテストについて説明しました。