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Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

111.7K
The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide, prevents electron transfer from Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone or Q...
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The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis01:34

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

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The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of water molecules to produce oxygen. However, oxidation of water molecules is a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction and requires a strong oxidizing agent. This is accomplished by the first product of light reactions: oxidized P680 (or P680+), the most powerful oxidizing agent known in biology. The oxidized P680 that acquires an electron from the...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

Electron Transport Chain Components

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The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial metabolic pathway that facilitates energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, the ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes, the ETC in the plasma membrane can vary in composition, with fewer or different complexes depending on the organism and environmental conditions. These complexes transfer electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography
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二量体アズリン構築物におけるトリプトファン四重鎖を介した電子輸送

Martin Melčák1,2, Jan Heyda1,2, Filip Šebesta1,3

  • 1J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, Prague CZ-182 23, Czech Republic.

The journal of physical chemistry. B
|January 21, 2026
PubMed
まとめ

トリプトファン四重鎖はアズリンにおける電子正孔移動（HT）を促進する。シミュレーションは、異なる電荷状態と、水分子の影響を受ける界面移動が分子内移動よりも優先されることを明らかにする。

キーワード:
電子移動トリプトファンアズリン四重鎖タンパク質界面酸化還元

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科学分野:

  • 生物物理学
  • 生化学
  • 計算化学

背景:

  • タンパク質界面は、生物学的電子移動において重要な役割を果たす。
  • トリプトファン残基は、タンパク質内での電子移動を媒介する上で重要な役割を果たす。

研究 の 目的:

  • タンパク質-タンパク質界面における電子正孔移動（HT）を媒介する上でのトリプトファン四重鎖の役割を調査する。
  • 二量体アズリン構築物におけるHTの中間体と経路を特徴づける。

主な方法:

  • 分子力学/分子動力学（MM/MD）および量子力学/分子力学/分子動力学（QM/MM/MD）シミュレーション。
  • インドール-インドール間距離、電子的結合、静電ポテンシャルの解析。
  • 同様の構造モチーフのタンパク質データバンク（PDB）検索。

主要な成果:

  • トリプトファン四重鎖は、光酸化後に8-11 nsの分子内および界面HTを媒介する。
  • シミュレーションにより、個々のトリプトファンのインドールに電荷が局在する4つの異なる酸化状態が特定された。
  • 界面電子移動は、分子内移動よりも速度論的およびエネルギー的に有利である。
  • 界面の溶媒和水分子は電子移動を支持する。

結論:

  • トリプトファン四重鎖は、タンパク質界面における電子移動を媒介する上で重要である。
  • 四重鎖の構造的および動的特徴と、その溶媒和環境が移動効率を決定する。
  • 4つのトリプトファンクラスターは酸化還元酵素に一般的であり、保存された機能モチーフを示唆している。