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関連する概念動画

Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

7.9K
Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Line Loss01:10

Line Loss

535
The different configurations of source-load connections include wye (star) and delta connections. The relationship between line and phase voltages and currents varies depending on the configuration. When the source is supplying power, it is transmitted through the wires to the load, and during this transmission, some power is absorbed by the wires, leading to line loss.
Line loss impacts power delivery efficiency in a balanced three-phase circuit. The symmetry in such a circuit simplifies the...
535
Reducing Line Loss01:18

Reducing Line Loss

372
In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss in...
372
Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

943
Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
943
Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

23.4K
When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
23.4K
Major Losses in Pipes01:28

Major Losses in Pipes

2.0K
When a fluid flows through a pipe, it experiences energy losses due to frictional resistance along the pipe walls, known as major losses. These energy losses result in a pressure drop, which varies based on the flow conditions — whether laminar or turbulent — and the specific physical properties of the fluid and pipe.
Fluid flow can be classified as laminar or turbulent, primarily based on the Reynolds number. This dimensionless number reflects the relative influence of inertial to viscous...
2.0K

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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese
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Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

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損失最小化における意思決定の頻度効果

Darrell A Worthy1, Mianzhi Hu1

  • 1Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU College Station, TX 77845-4235, USA.

Cognition
|January 25, 2026
PubMed
まとめ

意思決定モデルは損失最小化に苦労する。PVPE-DecayおよびDelta-Uncertaintyのような新しいモデルは、損失シナリオにおける頻度効果をよりよく説明し、文脈が損失の認識に影響を与えることを示唆している。

科学分野:

  • 認知心理学;神経経済学;意思決定科学

背景:

  • 意思決定における頻度効果は、報酬が少なくても高頻度の選択肢を好むことを示す。;減衰強化学習(RL)モデルは、頻繁な結果のより良い記憶を仮定して、これを予測する。;研究は主に利得に焦点を当てており、損失最小化シナリオは十分に調査されていない。

研究 の 目的:

  • 損失最小化における逆転頻度効果の減衰モデルの予測をテストする。;損失を最小限に抑える目標がある場合、頻度が選択にどのように影響するかを調査する。;損失下での意思決定のための代替モデルを開発および評価する。

主な方法:

  • 損失最小化タスクを含む3つの実験が実施された。;参加者は損失(ポイントまたは仮想支出)を最小限に抑えるように設計されたシナリオで選択を行った。;減衰モデルと提案された新しいモデル(PVPE-Decay、Delta-Uncertainty)の適合性を評価するためにデータが分析された。

主要な成果:

  • 減衰モデルは損失最小化シナリオにおける行動をほとんど予測できなかった。;買い物文脈(実験2)で適度な頻度効果が観察された。;頻度効果は減衰したが、点最小化タスク(実験1および3)では逆転しなかった。

結論:

  • 減衰モデルは、損失最小化における頻度効果の説明には不十分である。;新しいモデルであるPVPE-DecayおよびDelta-Uncertaintyは、観察された効果についてより良い説明を提供する。;損失下での意思決定を理解するには、文脈と相対的な価値処理が重要である。
キーワード:
選択行動意思決定数理モデリングプロスペクト理論強化学習

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