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Crown Ethers

Crown Ethers

Crown ethers are cyclic polyethers that contain multiple oxygen atoms, usually arranged in a regular pattern. The first crown ether was synthesized by Charles Pederson while working at DuPont in 1967. For this work, Pedersen was co-awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Crown ethers are named using the formula x-crown-y, where x is the total number of atoms in the ring and y is the number of ether oxygen atoms. The term 'crown' refers to the crown-like shape that these ether molecules...

Ethers to Alkyl Halides: Acidic Cleavage

Ethers to Alkyl Halides: Acidic Cleavage

Ethers are generally unreactive and unsuitable for direct nucleophilic substitution reactions since the alkoxy groups are strong bases and, therefore, poor leaving groups. However, ethers readily undergo acidic-cleavage reactions. Ethers can be converted to alkyl halides when heated with strong acids such as HBr and HI in a sequence of two substitution reactions.

Standard Electrode Potentials

Standard Electrode Potentials

On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...

Lewis Acids and Bases

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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
A coordinate covalent bond (or dative bond) occurs when one of the atoms in the bond provides both bonding electrons. For example, a coordinate covalent bond occurs when a water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to form a hydronium ion. A coordinate covalent bond also results when...

Ions as Acids and Bases

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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

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Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.

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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Tuning the Acidity of Pt/ CNTs Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Diphenyl Ether

Tuning the Acidity of Pt/ CNTs Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Diphenyl Ether

Published on: August 17, 2019

クラウンエーテル修飾銅系電極を用いた選択的酸性CO2電気還元によるメタン生成

Hai Nam Ha¹, Duy Thai Nguyen¹, Sandrine Zanna²

¹Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, CNRS UMR 8229, Collège de France, Sorbonne Université, Paris Cedex 05, France.

|January 26, 2026

まとめ

この要約は機械生成です。

クラウンエーテルは銅触媒上のアルカリ金属カチオンを固定化し、酸性CO2還元（CO2R）を向上させる。この戦略は水素発生を抑制し、電解質を少なくしてメタン生成を促進し、メタンのファラデー効率を55%達成する。

キーワード:

CO2の価値向上銅クラウンエーテル電気触媒メタン

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科学分野:

電気化学
触媒
材料科学

背景:

酸性CO2還元（CO2R）は、塩の析出を制限する上で魅力的である。
高濃度のKベース電解質は、通常、水素発生（HER）を抑制し、C2生成物を優先するために必要である。
酸性CO2Rのための効率的な触媒の開発は依然として課題である。

研究の目的:

酸性CO2Rにおけるアルカリ金属カチオンの固定化のためのクラウンエーテルの使用を調査する。
酸性CO2Rにおけるメタン（CH4）生成への選択性を向上させる。
電解質濃度を低減しつつHERを抑制する。

主な方法:

様々なクラウンエーテルで修飾された銅触媒を用いた電気化学的CO2還元実験。
CO2R選択性に対するクラウンエーテル構造とカチオン効果の系統的研究。
メタンと水素発生に対するファラデー効率（FE）の分析。

主要な成果:

クラウンエーテル修飾はアルカリ金属カチオンの固定化に成功し、電解質濃度の要求量を低減した。
HERは抑制され、選択性はCH4生成へとシフトした。
4'アミノベンゾー15クラウン5-Na+を用いて-150 mA.cm-2で最大55%のFECH4を達成した。

結論:

クラウンエーテルを介したカチオン固定化は、酸性CO2Rを強化するための効果的な戦略である。
このアプローチは、CO2電気還元による効率的かつ選択的なメタン生成のための有望な経路を提供する。
この発見は、標的CO2変換のための触媒設計に関する洞察を提供する。