2~4歳における不利な不公平嫌悪の出現
Fernando Sánchez Hernández1, Daniel Hyde2
1Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States.
Journal of experimental child psychology
|January 27, 2026
まとめ
2歳児でも不公平に気づくが、積極的に不利な不公平を非難するのは4歳児だけである。本研究では、資源分配の不平等に対する反応を追跡し、幼児期の公平性の発達を探る。
科学分野:
- 発達心理学
- 行動経済学
- 児童発達
背景:
- 子供における公平性の考慮の出現を理解することは、発達心理学にとって重要である。
- 以前の研究では、特に不利な立場にある場合に、子供たちが不公平な資源分配にいつ、どのように反応するかを明確に定義していなかった。
研究 の 目的:
- 幼児における不利な不公平な申し出に対する感受性と反応の発達を調査すること。
- 子供たちが不利な不公平嫌悪を示す年齢を決定すること。
主な方法:
- 2歳児と4歳児(N=39およびN=80)を対象に2つの研究を実施した。
- 不利な資源分配シナリオを提示するために、不公平ゲームの改変版を使用した。
- 不公平な申し出に対する暗黙の感受性と明示的な反応の決定を記録した。
主要な成果:
- 2歳児と4歳児の両方が、パートナーが資源を受け取る(3)のに対し自分は何も受け取らない(0)という不利な申し出に対して敏感であることを示した(0 vs. 3)。
- 自分自身の利益(1)を伴う申し出を拒否して不公平な扱いを非難したのは4歳児だけだった(1 vs. 3)。
- これは、不利な不公平に対する感受性から積極的な嫌悪への発達上の進行を示している。
結論:
- 不利な資源分配に対する感受性は2歳までに現れる。
- 個人的な犠牲を払ってでも不公平を非難することによって特徴づけられる不利な不公平嫌悪は、4歳までに遅れて発達する。
- これらの発見は、子供たちの公平性の理解と反応における重要な発達上の節目を強調している。
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