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関連する概念動画

Filtration and Urine Formation01:32

Filtration and Urine Formation

53.6K
The function of the kidneys is to filter, reabsorb, secrete, and excrete. Every day the kidneys filter nearly 180 liters of blood, initially removing water and solutes but ultimately returning nearly all filtrates into circulation with the help of osmoregulatory hormones. This process removes wastes and toxins but is also crucial to maintain water and electrolyte levels. Most of these functions are performed by the tiny but numerous nephrons contained within the kidneys.
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Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test01:26

Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test

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A urine culture and sensitivity test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify urinary tract bacterial infections and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment. This test is generally preferred when a patient shows manifestations of a urinary tract infection, such as frequent or painful urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or lower abdominal pain.Purpose of the TestThe primary goals of a urine culture and sensitivity test are to:Determine the specific bacteria causing the...
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Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

3.4K
The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
3.4K
Physiology of Urine Formation01:24

Physiology of Urine Formation

12.5K
Urine formation is an essential function of the human body. It plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the volume and composition of body fluids. The kidneys, the primary organs involved in this process, filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances, ultimately producing urine.
Glomerular Filtration
The first stage in urine formation is glomerular filtration. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, the functional units of filtration, with a...
12.5K
Formation of Concentrated Urine01:23

Formation of Concentrated Urine

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There is a gradient of solutes in the interstitial fluid from the renal cortex through the medulla, known as the medullary osmotic gradient. The juxtamedullary nephrons establish and maintain this gradient using countercurrent mechanisms with loops extending deep into the medulla. These nephrons also use countercurrent mechanisms to regulate urine volume and concentration. The interaction between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop creates an osmotic gradient through...
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Urine Studies I: Urinalysis01:29

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis

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Urinalysis is a widely used diagnostic test that analyzes urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics. Healthcare providers use it to detect and monitor various health conditions, including renal disease, urinary tract infections (UTIs), diabetes, and metabolic or systemic disorders.Components of UrinalysisUrinalysis consists of three primary components: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Each provides unique insights into the urine sample and, by extension, the...
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Culture of Bladder Cancer Organoids as Precision Medicine Tools
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膀がんのフィールド効果情報に基づく尿液生検

William Y Shi1, Kevin J Liu1, Mohammad S Esfahani2

  • 1Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Cancer Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

Cell
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
まとめ

非筋肉侵襲性膀がん (NMIBC) のバイオマーカーを特定することは極めて重要です. 新しい尿腫瘍DNA (utDNA) メソッドは,フィールド効果を考慮して精度を改善し,NMIBC患者の個別化された治療戦略を可能にします.

キーワード:
膀がんは膀がんである.癌のバイオマーカー細胞フリーDNAとはフィールド・エフェクト (Field Effect) とは免疫療法による免疫療法液体生検バイオプシーによる生検です.治療への反応は,治療に対する反応である.尿のバイオマーカーである.

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A Standardized Liquid Biopsy Preanalytical Protocol for Downstream Circulating-Free DNA Applications
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科学分野:

  • 泌尿器科 泌尿器科とは
  • 腫瘍学 腫瘍学
  • 分子生物学は分子生物学である.

背景:

  • 非筋肉侵襲性膀がん (NMIBC) の治療反応は様々であり,信頼できるバイオマーカーが必要である.
  • 腸内バチルス・カルメッテ・ゲーリン (BCG) は標準的な治療法ですが,すべての患者が恩恵を受けるわけではありません.
  • 尿腫瘍DNA (utDNA) 解析は有望だが,正常な尿膜変異によるフィールド効果によって制限されている.

研究 の 目的:

  • フィールド効果変異を除外することによって特異性を高めるための改善されたutDNA最小残留疾患 (MRD) アプローチを開発する.
  • NMIBC患者における手術と補助BCGへの反応の分子予測要因を特定する.
  • 個別化された膀がん治療のためのフィールド効果情報液体生検の可能性を調査する.

主な方法:

  • 261人のNMIBC患者の尿DNAにおける体変異の分析.
  • フィールド効果に基づくutDNA MRDアプローチの開発.
  • 分子プロフィールと治療反応 (手術とBCG) の相関.

主要な成果:

  • 尿中の体変異の発生率は,年齢とともに増加します.
  • フィールド・エフェクト・インフォームド・MRDのアプローチは,特異性を改善した.
  • 3つの分子応答のクラスが特定されました:手術応答者,BCG応答者,および非応答者.
  • 手術とBCG応答のための明確な分子予測要因が発見され,BCG応答者の免疫活性化と変異負荷を含む.

結論:

  • フィールド・エフェクト・インフォームド・リキッド・バイオプシーは,NMIBCの管理により具体的なアプローチを提供します.
  • パーソナライズされた治療戦略は,異なる分子応答のクラスを特定することによって導かれることができます.
  • この方法は,多式膀がん治療のためのバイオマーカーを明らかにすることができます.