発達障害の定義の違いとアウトカムへの影響
1Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
JAMA health forum
|February 3, 2026
まとめ
発達障害(DD)の定義は、有病率の推定値とサービスニーズに大きく影響します。より狭い定義は、分離と公的サービス利用のリスクが高い個人を特定するのに役立つ可能性があります。
科学分野:
- Public Health; Health Services Research; Disability Studies
背景:
- 発達障害(DD)の定義の変動は、異なる人口統計学的特性につながります。
- これらの違いを理解することは、効果的な政策分析とサービス計画にとって重要です。
研究 の 目的:
- 4つの異なる発達障害(DD)の定義の配布への影響を分析すること。
- 2023年の所得とプログラム参加調査(SIPP)および居住情報システムプロジェクト(RISP)のデータを利用すること。
主な方法:
- 2023年のSIPPデータ(施設入所者を含む)を使用した横断研究。
- 自己申告による診断とスクリーナーの質問に基づいた4つのDD定義。
- 有病率、長期支援サービス(LTSS)の利用、居住状況、所得支援、雇用、および障害特性の分析。
主要な成果:
- 使用される定義によって、小児/若年成人では4.17%から15.93%、成人では1.24%から8.10%まで、発達障害(DD)の有病率は大きく異なりました。より広範な定義は、雇用の増加と関連していましたが、長期支援サービス(LTSS)の適格性、集団生活の場への配置、所得支援の受給は減少しました。より狭い定義は、LTSSの適格性と集団生活の場への配置が高い集団を特定しました。
- Broader definitions correlated with increased employment but decreased LTSS eligibility, congregate setting placement, and income support receipt.; Narrower definitions identified populations with higher LTSS eligibility and congregate setting placement.
結論:
- 発達障害(DD)の定義の選択は、有病率の推定値とサービスに対する人口の関連性に大きく影響します。
- より狭い定義は、分離のリスクが高く、公的資金によるDDサービスを最も必要とする可能性が高い個人をより正確に特定する可能性があります。
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