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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses

Published on: November 10, 2023

インフルエンザおよびSARS-CoV-2の同時感染または逐次感染に対する局所的および全身的宿主応答

Tong Zhu¹, Liying Wang², Chaoying Yan¹

¹Department of Neonatology and Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology

|February 6, 2026

Abstract:

Influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by the influenza virus, which has been circulating in humans for over a century. In contrast, COVID-19, caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2, emerged recently in December 2019. Following nearly four years of pandemic, the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 has transitioned towards an endemic state, suggesting a trend of long-term coexistence with humans. Concurrent or sequential coinfection with influenza and SARS-CoV-2 has been clinically observed to exacerbate pulmonary pathology and systemic inflammation in affected individuals. This review discusses the impact and elucidates the potential underlying mechanisms by which influenza and SARS-CoV-2 coinfection aggravates local lung injury and systemic host responses, aiming to inform improved prevention and clinical management strategies.

キーワード:

SARS-CoV-2 感染インフルエンザインフルエンザウイルス肺病変全身応答

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Visualization of SARS-CoV-2 using Immuno RNA-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

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Second Order systems II

Second Order systems II

In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.

First Order Systems

First Order Systems

First-order systems, such as RC circuits, are foundational in understanding dynamic systems due to their straightforward input-output relationship. Analyzing their responses to different input functions under zero initial conditions reveals significant insights into system behavior.
When a first-order system is subjected to a unit-step input, its response is characterized by its transfer function. By applying the Laplace transform of the unit-step input to the transfer function, expanding the...

Second Order systems I

Second Order systems I

A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
By reinterpreting the system, one can derive the closed-loop transfer function, which...

Thermodynamic Systems

Thermodynamic Systems

A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of tea boiling in a kettle. The...

Classification of Systems-I

Classification of Systems-I

Linearity is a system property characterized by a direct input-output relationship, combining homogeneity and additivity.
Homogeneity dictates that if an input x(t) is multiplied by a constant c, the output y(t) is multiplied by the same constant. Mathematically, this is expressed as: