子どもの認知における社会経済的地位の格差:程度か種類かの違いか?
1Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania.
まとめ
社会経済的達成格差は、単なる量的格差ではなく、認知プロセスの質的な違いに起因する可能性がある。脳と認知の関係は、社会経済的地位(SES)の異なる子供たちが認知課題のために異なる脳システムを利用している可能性を示唆している。
科学分野:
- 神経科学
- 発達心理学
- 教育心理学
背景:
- 子供の学業成績における社会経済的格差、すなわち社会経済的達成格差は、重大な懸念事項である。
- 既存の研究では、学業成績の根底にある認知プロセスは社会経済的地位(SES)間で類似しているが、効率が異なると仮定されることが多い。
研究 の 目的:
- 社会経済的達成格差が、単なる量的変動ではなく、認知プロセスの質的な違いを反映しているかどうかを調査すること。
- SESスペクトル全体で脳構造と機能が認知パフォーマンスにどのように関連するかを探求すること。
主な方法:
- 脳と認知の関係を調べる研究に焦点を当てた体系的な文献レビュー。
- 脳活動/構造と認知パフォーマンスの関連を社会経済的地位(SES)がどのように緩和するかについての分析。
- 学業的に関連のある認知能力とその神経相関の特定。
主要な成果:
- レビューでは、SESが脳と認知の関係を有意に緩和した15の研究が特定された。
- これらの発見は、異なるSES背景を持つ子供たちが認知課題を実行するために異なる神経システムを採用している可能性を示唆している。
- 証拠は、SESの影響を受ける認知プロセスの質的な違いを指している。
結論:
- 社会経済的達成格差は、SES全体で異なる脳と認知の関係によって支持される、認知プロセスの質的な違いから生じる可能性がある。
- これらの質的な違いを理解することは、教育戦略と認知格差の根本原因に対処するための意味合いを持つ。
- これらのSES関連の神経的および認知的変動を駆動するメカニズムに関するさらなる研究が保証される。
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