医療テキスト分類のための大規模言語モデル:システマティックレビュー
1Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States.
JMIR AI
|February 11, 2026
まとめ
大規模言語モデル(LLM)は、従来の医用テキスト分類の精度を大幅に向上させます。このレビューは、臨床意思決定支援などのタスクにおける優れたパフォーマンスを強調する、医療テキスト分類におけるLLMのアプリケーションに関するエビデンスを統合します。
科学分野:
- 医療における人工知能
- 自然言語処理
- ヘルスインフォマティクス
背景:
- 大規模言語モデル(LLM)は、自然言語処理タスクに高度な機能を提供します。
- 正確で効率的なテキスト分類は、臨床ノートの分析や診断コーディングなどのアプリケーションにおいて医療に不可欠です。
- 既存の系統的レビューには、医療テキスト分類のためのLLMに特化した焦点が欠けています。
研究 の 目的:
- 医療におけるテキスト分類のためのLLMアプリケーションに関する文献を体系的にレビューし、批判的に評価すること。
- 医療テキスト分類におけるLLMのパフォーマンスと方法論に関する現在のエビデンスを統合すること。
主な方法:
- 2018年から2024年までの期間に出版された論文を対象に、主要なデータベース(PubMed、Scopusなど)で体系的な文献検索を実施しました。
- PRISMAガイドラインを遵守し、分類タイプ、アプリケーション、方法論、テキストタイプ、評価指標別に研究を分類しました。
- 65件の適格な研究論文がレビューに含まれました。
主要な成果:
- 2020年から2024年第3四半期にかけて出版物が大幅に増加し、2024年の最初の3四半期には28件の論文が発表されました。
- ファインチューニング(35件の論文)とプロンプトエンジニアリング(17件の論文)が最も一般的なLLMアプローチでした。
- LLMは、特に臨床意思決定支援アプリケーションにおいて、医療テキスト分類において従来の機械学習手法を一貫して上回りました。
結論:
- LLMは、従来の機械学習と比較して、医療テキスト分類において優れたパフォーマンスを示します。
- 文献で特定されたギャップに対処し、将来の方向性を探求するためには、さらなる研究が必要です。
- このレビューは、医療テキスト分類におけるLLMの利用に関する包括的な概要を提供します。
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